THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PTLCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE,LONDON,W.C. I. June, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932-33. ~~ LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W.J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M.CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E.RUSSELL.171 Proceedings of the Council. APRILMAY, 1932. Patents and Designs Bill.-At the suggestion of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Legal and Parliamentary Committee, with the advice and assistance of Mr. H. Douglas Elkington, Fellow, Chartered Patent Agent, has considered the Patents and Designs Bill, which was introduced in the House of Lords on mst April, together with a Memorandum on the Bill presented to Parliament by the President of the Board of Trade (Cmd. 4067). The Bill is intended to give effect to the recommendations contained in the Report of the Departmental Committee on the Patents and Designs Act, dated 14th March, 1931 (Cmd. 3829), which included many of the recommendations of the Joint Chemical Committee of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and other chemical organisations.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute has prepared a Memorandum of Notes and Recommendationson the Bill, which has been transmitted to the Joint Chemical Commit tee. Among the matters to which the Committee, on the advice of Mr. Elkington, has drawn particular attention is the proposal that appeals which have previously been heard before the Law Officer are to go to an Appeal Tribunal consisting of a Judge of the High Court to be nominated by the Lord Chancellor; in connection with which it is observed that the fees to be taken in the Court may be fixed as if the Tribunal were a Court of the High Court.It is felt that a strong protest should be made against the unwarranted increase in the cost of patent litigation, which would thereby be involved. The Committee would prefer that the present procedure be continued so far as fees are concerned, although the proposal to establish a permanent appeal tribunal is considered desirable. In Section 38 (a), which refers to “inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine,” it is stipulated that the speci- fications shall not include claims for the substance itself except 172 when prepared or produced by the particular methods or processes of manufacture described or claimed, or by their obvious chemical equivalents. The word ‘I particular” has been substituted for the word “special,” the interpretation of which had given rise to much expensive litigation.The Legal and Parliamentary Committee originally suggested (in 1929)that the word “actual” should be used instead of the word “special”; but the Committee has now recommended that the word be deleted altogether. Section 75 empowers the Comptroller to refuse to grant a patent for an invention which is so obviously contrary to well established natural laws that the application is frivolous. The Committee feels that the reference to “well established natural laws ” should be deleted. Other passages have been referred to the Joint Chemical Committee for further consideration. The thanks of the Committee and of the Council have been accorded to Mr.Elkington for his valuable help in dealing with this matter. Election of a Member of Council.--Mr. Albert Watkins Maggs Wintle has been elected Member of Council to fill the vacancy arising from the retirement of Professor H. V. A. Briscoe on his appointment as an Examiner. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to Professor A. J. Allmand, Dr. J. T. Dunn, and Dr. J. J. Fox for their services, and the special thanks of the Council have also been accorded to Professor Roberts for supervising the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch E, the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, during the unavoidable absence of Mr. John Evans, owing to an accident. Examiners.-Professor H. V. A. Briscoe has been appointed one of the Examiners in General Chemistry for the Associateship in succession to Dr.J. J. Fox whose term of office, in that capacity, has expired. Professor Briscoe has also been appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Physical Chemistry in succession to Professor A. J. Allmand, who has retired from that office. Professor T. P. Hilditch has been appointed Examiner for the Fellowship in Industrial Chemistry in succession to Dr. J. T. Dunn. 173 Regulations.-The Regulations for the admission of Stu- dents, Associates and Fellows have lately been revised, and copies of the new edition can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Examinations in Local Centres .-For the convenience of candidates resident in the Manchester district, examinations in General Chemistry for the Associateship were held in April of this year and of 1931 in the Laboratories of the University of Manchester, by kind permission of the authorities of the University.Arrangements have also been made whereby it is hoped to hold examinations for the Associateship in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, in September, 1933, and every following September, provided that a sufficient number of accepted candidates are desirous of presenting themselves. The Council gratefully acknowledges the courtesy of the authorities of the Royal Technical College in offering facilities for the above examinations free of charge. Lectures.-Professor Robert Robinson, F.R.S., Waynflete Professor in the University of Oxford, delivered two lectures at the Institute, on “The Development of the Conceptions based on the Electronic Theory of Valency in Organic Chemistry”- the first on Friday, the zznd, and the second on Friday, the zgth, April.At the first lecture, the President suggested that the lectures would prove most useful to chemists who, having been engaged for some years in industry or other practice, found difficulty in keeping touch with the trend of modern developments in theory. The lectures delivered by Professor Robinson would be the first of a series in which the main branches of chemistry would be treated in turn by recognised authorities, and the Institute was very fortunate in that Professor Robinson had so kindly consented to inaugurate the scheme.Mr. Edward Hinks, in the unavoidable absence of the Presi- dent, took the chair on the occasion of the second lecture, and at its conclusion, in expressing the thanks of the Fellows and Associates to Professor Robinson for the lectures, remarked that the members would look forward to their publication. The Council is glad to be able to announce that, in the latter part of the year, Professor A. J. Allmand, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, will give 174 two lectures dealing with molecular structure as revealed by physical methods, and with the mechanism of interaction between single molecules and atoms-so called ‘‘elementary reactions.” Further particulars of these lectures will be notified in due course.Mr. Stanley Dixon’s paper on “The Relation of Food to Disease” which was read before a meeting of the South ”lrales Section of the Institute, held jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Technical College, Cardiff, on the 19th February, is being published and issued with this Part. The Register.-The new Register of the Institute, recently published, contains the names of nearly 6,000 Fellows and Asso- ciates, and of over 800 Students. The publication has been widely distributed to Government’ Departments, Universities, Colleges, and Scientific Institutions, Public Libraries, and im-port ant industrial concerns. To provide a Register of competent chemists is one of the most important functions of the Institute, and the Register, one of its most important publications.It is hoped, therefore, that members will give every assistance in maintaining their entries as correct as possible. Fellows and Associates will realise that the clerical work involved is very considerable. Additions of new members and students, transfers from one grade to another, resignations and deaths, number nearly 1,500 in two years, and, on the average, about 2,000 changes of address, often involving topographical rearrangement, occur per annum, while changes in other par- ticulars (Degrees, descriptions, telegraphic addresses and tele- phone numbers) are very numerous. Since the Annual General Meeting, the Council has found it necessary to remove the names of a number of members whose addresses were unknown and who were in arrears with their subscriptions, and of others who had ceased to pay their sub- scriptions and did not respond to repeated applications for them.The Institute Premises.-In accordance with powers acquired by the University of London, KeppeZ Street, wherein the front door of the premises of the Institute is situated, has now been closed, so that there will be no approach from the west end of the street, until further progress has been made with the University buildings. Barriers have been erected in a line with 175 the houses in Russell Square, with gates, which will remain open during the day for the use of members visiting the Institute by car, in addition to a side entrance.Australian Chemical Institute.-Following on the cable message received from the Australian Chemical Institute, on the occasion of the grant of a Royal Charter to that Institute, the Council has now received a letter from the Honorary General Secretary, Dr. Thomas Cooksey, Fellow, expressing appreciation of the congratulations and message of goodwill received from the Institute on the occasion, and conveying to the Council of the Institute the thanks of the Australian Institute, together with an earnest assurance that it would make every effort to maintain the high status of the profession of chemistry and to promote its interest and advancement. British Standards Institution.-Dr. J. J. Fox has kindly consented to represent the Institute on Technical Committee C/y-Reagents for Analytical Purposes, of which Committee, Mr.W. Rintoul, Member of the Council of the Institute, is Chair- man. A draft B.S. Specification has been received for the Dimensions of Drain Fittings (Salt-Glazed Ware and Salt-Glazed Glass Enamelled Fireclay) : C.C. (B) 683o,-which has been referred to the consideration of members interested in glazed-ware. In January, the British Standards Institution published an Index List of Specifications, cancelling all previous lists, which may be obtained from the B.S.I. Publications Department, 28, Victoria Street, London, S.W.x, price IS. net. Dr. A. E. Everest (Huddersfield), Fellow, has been invited, and has kindly consented, to join the Benevolent Fund Committee of the Institute.Safety in the Chemical Industry.-Following on the remarks made by the President, at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute, regarding the Model Safety Rules, compiled by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, to which a special reference was made in JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part I1 (pages 152-155) , attention is directed to a paper entitled “Safety in the Chemical Industry,” read on the 11th February, by Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, FeZZow, before the Nottingham Section of the Society of Chemical Industry,-published in Chemistry and Industry, 13th May, pages 420-427. 176 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department, Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 16th March, when Dr.R. B. Strathdee delivered a lecture entitled The Chemist and Armament.” Professor Alexander Findlay presided in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Tocher, Chairman of the Section. Dr. Strathdee confined his remarks to a consideration of the use of gas as an offensive weapon during the Great War. The first recorded occasion on which gas was used was when chlorine was released against our troops on aznd April, 1915. This method of gas attack depended for its effectiveness on the direction and velocity of the wind, but later developments overcame the limitations of this method. The projector method employed liquefied gases, which permitted the gas to be concentrated at the desired objective, while the further development of gas shells, filled with compressed or liquefied gases or with solids easily atomised, increased the range of attack.The types of gases used could be divided into two main groups-non-persistent , which decomposed under exposure to the air or by hydrolysis, and persistent, which retained their chemical identity and activity under exposure, and lost their effectiveness only by being dissipated. Since the object of using gas was to inflict casualties and to harass the troops, as well as to render areas unfit for military manoeuvres, the various types of gases used could be classified according to the effects which they produced on the men. Gases intended to affect the respira- tory organs, for example, included chlorine, phosgene and chloropicrin.Others were lachrymatory gases, affecting the eyes, and those most used were xylyl bromide, bromacetone, and ethyliodoacetate. In each of the lachrymatory gases there was a-CH, group associated with a halogen or cyanide group. On the other hand, gases which attacked the nose-such as diphenyl- chlorarsine, and diphenylcyanoarsine-were compounds of arsenic. Dealing with the method of defence against gas, Dr. Strathdee said that since the first attack was unexpected, the only measure of protection was an emergency one-a handkerchief wetted with urine. Pads containing absorbent chemicals were the first form of gas mask, and when the range of gases extended, the helmet was devised, and, finally, the respirator of the canister type, which made use of the absorbent properties of carbon, lime, etc.The lecturer discussed the question whether chemical warfare was humane? Official statistics showed that, while fatal casualties on the field due to shell fire were one in four, those due to gas were one in forty. This, however, did not include deaths in hospital or from after effects. The figures might appear to show that gas rendered troops non-combatant with a lower mortality rate than shell fire. The reaction of the troops to gas might be judged from war literature, wherein the order of unpopularity would appear to be-mud, shrapnel, and machine guns, and there was a striking absence of reference to gas.In conclusion, Dr. Strathdee emphasised the inter-relationship between chemical industry and chemical warfare. For several years before the war, Germany had been building up a monopoly of the organic resources of the world-for example, the dyestuff industry. This gave Germany a very considerable lead at the commencement of the war. Chemical industry could, and did, mobilise very quickly for warfare, for many of the raw materials and intermediates of industry were the raw materials of chemical armament. With reference to the question of disarmament, Dr. Strathdee said that if recognised armaments were limited, potential chemical armament would assume a greater importance. Professor Findlay, in expressing appreciation of Dr. Strath- dee’s interesting lecture, stressed the importance at the present time of the lecturer’s concluding remarks.A meeting, to which members and their friends were invited, was held at Marischal College, Aberdeen, on 11th March, and was addressed by Professor J. J. R. Macleod, of the Department of Physiology of the University, on the subject of bb The Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism.” Dr. J. F. Tocher presided, and, in introducing Professor Macleod, referred to him as one of the world’s leading authorities on his subject. 178 Professor Macleod first of all discussed the problem of the control of metabolism in general, pointing out that although this control is mainly dependent on chemical laws, the nervous system also comes into play.This is especially so in the control of carbohydrate metabolism in which a fine balance has to be maintained between the production of sugar in the liver and its utilisation in the muscles. He explained the significance of changes in the blood sugar level in relation to this production and utilisation and discussed the value of hyperglycaemia as an early symptom of diabetes. The lecturer said that, like most other functions of the body, carbohydrate metabolism seemed to be under a complex controlling mechanism, involving both a nervous and a hormone, or chemical, factor. In that part of the brain called the pons, evidence had been obtained that there is a nerve centre closely allied to this function, since decerebration by transection of this region of the brain invariably produced diabetic symptoms- increase of blood sugar.Further evidence of the part played by the nervous system in the control of carbohydrate metabolism was given by a study of the effect of drugs on decerebration hyperglycaemia, particularly of atropine and the anzsthetic, amytal. On the other hand, however, it had been shown that two hormones elaborated in the animal body-adrenaline and insulin-played a very direct part in the control of the complex changes of carbohydrate metabolism. Injection of very small quantities of adrenaline had the same effects as decerebration in producing an increase in blood sugar, whereas the removal of the pancreas, which produced insulin, also produced diabetic symptoms-increase of blood sugar.It seemed not unlikely, therefore, to assume that normal functioning depended on a balance being maintained in the system between adrenaline and insulin, and that abnormal functioning, such as a diabetic condition, was due to a disturbance of this balance. In this way, evidence had been established that both a nervous and a chemical control existed, and since both adrenaline and insulin were under nervous control, it might be assumed that there was a complex mechanism in operation, by which the one or the other hormone was secreted according to the need for adjustment of the blood sugar level. Dr. Orr, Dr. Alan Fraser, and Dr. Lovern participated in the discussion. Mr. Godden moved a vote of thanks and appreciation 179 to Professor Macleod for his interesting and informative lecture. Following Professor Macleod’s lecture , the Annual General Meeting was held, at which Professor Hendrick was appointed chairman in succession to Dr.Tocher, who had been chairman since the inception of the Section two years ago. On the motion of Mr. Craven, Dr. Tocher was thanked for his services to the Section. Mr. Marshall J. Robb was appointed a member of Committee in place of Professor Hendrick. On the same evening, a dinner was held in the Caledonian Hotel, under the chairmanship of Dr. Tocher, in the unavoidable absence of Professor Hendrick. Following the loyal toast, an impromptu musical programme was sustained by several members of the company.The toast of “The Institute of Chemistry” was proposed by Dr. McGee, and acknowledged by Mr. Godden. The toast of “The Chairman,” proposed by Captain Allan, was received with musical honours, and Dr. Tocher replied in reminis- cent vein, thanking the Section for the honour it had done him in electing him their Chairman for two years in succession. Aberdeen, Edinburgh and G1asgow.-A Joint Meeting of the Scottish Sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry was held at St. Andrews on 6th and 7th May. On the first day, in the absence of Principal Sir James Irvine, the company was received by Lady Irvine and entertained to tea at St. Salvator’s College as guests of the University Court. Subsequently, in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre of the United Colleges a lecture was given by Professor John Read on “Alchemical Literature and Iconography.” The lecturer traced alchemy through the ages, illustrating his discourse with many interesting lantern slides and the exhibition of many historical works on the subject.In the evening the company attended an informal dinner in the Marine Hotel,-Mr. W. R. Guy presiding. On the following day the party assembled in the Chemistry Department for a short illustrated talk by Professor Read on “St. Andrews,” after which members were conducted through the ancient University and City. 180 Belfast and District.-On 15th March, at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Mr. E. Butterworth read a paper before the Section on ‘‘Electro-titrations.” The paper dealt with the use of electrometric methods in volumetric analysis, especially in relation to certain technical and research problems. A brief discussion of potentiometric and conductometric methods was given.It was pointed out that the potentiometric method, while of great theoretical and practical value, was complicated by the sensitivity of electrodes and the necessity of using special electrodes for certain reactions. The con-ductometric method was, in general, of wider application, at any rate in technical work. One drawback to the methods described was the time taken in an estimation. To remedy this defect a direct reading conductivity apparatus, employing triodes, was developed in 1925.This employed one triode as a source of alternating potential and a second as a rectifier. A device was incorporated which maintained the current through the titration cell fairly constant over the working range. This allowed of a good approximation to conductivity by readings of detector anode current. A general account of reactions lending themselves to electro- metric titration was followed by examples of titrations of soaps under various conditions,-soap/alkali mixtures, sodium hydrox- ide/carbonate mixtures,-and solutions of carbohydrates in sodium hydroxide ; also in precipitation reactions. As an example of the utility of the methods in the examina- tion of reactions, the reaction of aluminium sulphate with sodium hydroxide had been followed* by conductometric titra- tion and the various stages of the reaction demonstrated.Bristol and South-Western Counties.-At a meeting of the committee held in Bristol University on 3rd May, Mr. Rowland H. Ellis, of Gloucester, was elected Chairman of the Section for the ensuing session. The programme of future meetings will include a visit to the match factory of Messrs. S. J. Moreland & Sons, Gloucester, on Thursday, 23rd June, at 2.15 p.m., a social meeting at the * Britton. Journ. Chem. SOC.,1931. 2817. 181 residence of Dr. A. C. Fryer, at Clifton, on Saturday, 15th October, at 4.30 p.m., joint meetings with Bristol University Chemical Society in November and January, and the annual meeting in March, 1933.Irish Free State.-A visit was paid to Messrs. W. & H. M. Goulding’s Sulphuric Acid and Fertilizer Works, Dublin, on the 16th March. The members were received by Mr. J. W. Parkes, F.I.C., and Mr. G. F. Harrison, A.I.C. The methods of analysis used in control of the processes were explained by the laboratory staff, after which the visitors were entertained to tea. The tour of the works showed many interesting features, among which may be mentioned the ammonia oxidation plant, water sprays, Ferraris pumps, Chaseside shovel, mechanical dens, bagging and loading machinery. The visitors expressed their sincere thanks to Messrs. Parkes and Harrison and other members of the staff for the trouble taken to render the visit of maximum interest.Glasgow and West of Scotland.-Many members of the Section participated in the arrangements made on the occasion of the Annual General Meeting of the Chemical Society. On 17th March the Society was granted a Civic reception by the Glasgow Corporation in the City Chambers. On Isth, the Annual General Meeting, at which Professor G. G. Henderson presided, was held in Glasgow University, and the Anniversary Dinner, at which Lord Weir was the principal guest, was held in the Grosvenor Restaurant. On Igth, alternative works visits were arranged. One party visited Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., at Ardeer, where they were interested in the manufacture of explosives and of synthetic resins , including demonstrations of their practical utility; and the other party visited the Glasgow Corporation Chemical (By-products) Works at Provan.The local arrangements were entrusted to Dr. W. M. Cumming. In his presidential address, Professor Henderson dealt with the publication of chemical literature, and particularly with the needs of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in discharging “the duty of distributing information concerning the advances made in every branch of chemistry, pure and applied.” 182 He quoted from an editorial in Chemistyy and Industry (1931, 50, 277) :-" The publication of new research and its subsequent abstracting are vital to the progress of chemistry; there are very many chemical organisations in this country, some large ones and more small ones, some publishing abstracts of a very limited part of the literature, more publishing none.The bulk, almost the whole, of the abstracts here published, are prepared and paid for by the Fellows of the Chemical Society and the members of the Society of Chemical Industry. These two Societies are those which perform the valuable national work of publishing the chemical knowledge, on which the progress of chemistry and its application to industry depend. A combined register of these Fellows and Members would be a list of those who are providing the profession with the means of keeping up the knowledge of the science on which the profession exists. On these two Societies alone* falls the financial burden of this great work, work which is for the benefit of every chemist in the country.It is singular and anomalous that hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of professional chemists exist here, who make no contribution to this burden, who do nothing to help the cause of chemistry in the way that is most urgent, most necessary and most expensive. Those chemists who are not members of either of these two societies are no doubt extremely grateful to them; their gratitude may be made manifest in several ways, but Professor Thorpe indicates one of the most useful: that all those who benefit by the scientific publications should make a contribution towards their expense. ' ' Continuing, Professor Henderson said that several reasons might be advanced to account for the fact that so many chemists do not support one or both of these Societies: one was that the Journals were to be found in the libraries of universities and chemical works; yet he could not but believe that if those chemists who have not yet joined one or other of the Societies were to give serious consideration to the subject, they would come to realise that an obligation rested upon them to support those organisa- tions which were doing so much to help them in their professional work at the expense of those fellow chemists who were members of the two Societies.Later, having suggested that industries should help the Societies with their publication expenses, Professor Henderson referred to the circumstance that the Institute subscribed k250 * See Notes, p.215. 183 a year to the library of the Chemical Society, and expressed the hope that it could also afford to assist the Society in the publication of chemical literature.* Liverpool and North-Western.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at St. George’s Restaurant, Liverpool, on 14th April-Professor T. P. Hilditch in the chair. Messrs. A. E. Findley, A. Lees, E. Gabriel Jones, and F. J. Smith, Fellows, were elected to the Committee. Messrs. W. R. Hardwick and G. E. Knowles were elected Honorary Auditors. Mr. W. Ferguson Buist was re-appointed Honorary Secretary, and Mr. Glynn Beaumont, Honorary Assistant Secretary. Professor W. H. Roberts, Honorary Treasurer, was unable to present his Annual Report, being engaged as Acting Examiner at the Institute at the time of the meeting.Professor Roberts was re-elected Honorary Treasurer. In the course of the proceedings, the Chairman announced that the meeting place for the coming session would be the Constitutional Club (7th floor), India Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool. Professor Hilditch said that the Club facilities would be open to members of the Section from 5.30 p.m. on the evenings on which Section meetings were arranged to take place. The amenities of the Club included a spacious and pleasant meeting room, a comfortable lounge, billiard room, card room, etc. At the meeting of the Local Section Committee, held before the General Meeting, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd was unanimously elected Chairman for the ensuing session.The Annual Excursion of the Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool and District (including the Liverpool and North- Western Section of the Institute) will take place on Saturday, 25th June. The route will be by motor coach from Birkenhead, leaving Woodside at 1.30 p.m., passing Chester, Gresford, Wrexham and Bangor-on-Dee, arriving at Erbistock at 3.30 p.m. ; tea at Erbistock at.5.30 p.m. ;returning at 7.30 p.m., and arriving at Birkenhead 9.30 p.m. Members may be accompanied by friends. The inclusive cost will be 7s. 6d. each person, payable on the day of the excursion. Members wishing to participate are requested to notify the Honorary Secretary of the Associated Learned Societies, Miss E. Warhurst, L.L.A., 3, Carlisle Road, Anfield, Liverpool, not later than 20th June, or the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the Institute by the same date.* See Notes, p. 215. 184 London and South-Eastern Counties-On 17th March, a lecture was given at the Institute by Professor W. Bulloch on The Modern Trend of Bacteriology.” An account of this lecture will be given in the next issue of the Journal. On 7th April, about forty members from London and district visited Portsmouth, where they were received by local members of the Section. The laboratories of the Admiralty Chemist, in the Dockyard, were inspected, and the great variety of chemical work required to be done for the Admiralty was clearly illustrated. Consider-able interest was shown in the patented process, designed by the Department and used by the Admiralty, for the recovery of oil fuel from ship’s residues, in connection with the international agreement against pollution of the sea shore with oil.A demon-stration was given of the use of the Davis apparatus for escape from submarines, with details of the necessary chemical control. The visitors were then conducted over H.M.SS. Hood and Victory, and afterwards tea was kindly provided, by the Ports- mouth members, at the Municipal College. On 13th April, members of the Section visited the Building Research Station, Watford, and on aIst April, the Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough. On both occasions the party was divided into groups, each of which was conducted by a member of the staff through the various sections.The arrangements were admirably made to enable all the visitors to make a comprehensive survey of the activities of the Research Stations. Malaya.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 28th February. Mr. F. L. Okell in the Chair. The Report for the year 1931showed that six new members had joined the Section, which now includes over 40 Fellows and Associates. During the year papers had been read (at Singapore) by Mr. A. C. Brooks on “Colour Photograhpy”; Dr. J. L. Rosedale on “Micro Methods”; and Mr. W. Birtwistle on “Some Chemical Problems in connection with the Rearing of Fish in the Tropics ’’ ; 186 and (at Kuala Lumpur) by Mr.A. C. Brooks on “Colour Photo- graphy” and by Dr. C. F. Flint on “Spectrography and its Value to the Analytical Chemist.” At a Social Evening held at Singapore in September last, Mr. Brooks had also given a lantern lecture entitled “A Holiday in China.” Lieut.-Col. B. J. Eaton was elected Chairman for the ensuing year; Mr. R. G. Fullerton was appointed Hon. Secretary and Treasurer; Messrs. R. W. Blair and H. Marsden, Dr. G. McOwan, and Messrs. M. Jamieson and C. L. Southall were elected to the Committee-Mr. M. Jamieson to be Assistant Hon. Secretary. Mr. V. R. Greenstreet and Dr. J. L. Wiltshire were appointed Hon. Auditors. It was decided that in future the Annual General Meeting be held in the month of January, and that the annual (local) sub-scription be reduced from 5 to 3 dollars.It was also decided to remit 80 dollars from the unofficial funds of the Section to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute. The Committee was requested to consider the arrangement of a lecture, demonstrating the value of the services rendered by chemists to the community, to be given after the next Annual General Meeting. Reference was made to the correspondence between the Institute and the Colonial Office, following the representations which were made to the Council by Dr. Tempany and Mr. Blair during 1931,regarding the qualifications of official analysts in Malaya, instances having occurred in which persons had been appointed as analysts, without possessing the qualifications and experience such as are generally regarded as essential for such positions.The meeting recorded its deep regret on hearing of the death of Mr. K. V. Christie, a former member of the Section. Votes of thanks were passed to the retiring Chairman and Committee, to the Principal of the College of Medicine, for the use of rooms for the meeting, and to the Directors of the Singapore Rubber Works, which the members had visited on the day pre- vious to the meeting, as well as to Mr. Cresson, who had kindly explained the various manufacturing operations there in progress. The visit to the rubber works was followed by an informal dinner which was well attended by members and their friends. 186 Manchester and District.-The Annual General Meeting took place on 11th March at the College of Technology.The Chair was taken by Mr. J. H. Lester. The following new members of Committee were elected:- Mr. E. L. Rhead, F.I.C., Mr. H. Stevenson, F.I.C., and Mr. D. Paul, A.I.C. The Honorary Secretary, Dr. A. Coulthard, and the Honorary Auditors, Mr. F. P. Evans and Mr. L. Thompson, were re- ele c ted unanimously. Prof. T. M. Lowry, F.R.S., addressed the meeting on The Mechanism of Chemical Change.” Professor Lowry prefaced his remarks by reminding his audience of the existence of two types of valency-electrovalence, exemplified by sodium chloride, and co-valence, exemplified by chlorine molecules. In the case of compounds in which the atoms were held by electrovalent linkages, the molecules were made up of oppositely-charged ions, and the reactions of the molecule were the reactions of these ions.On the other hand, where the atoms were held by covalent linkages, chemical reactions could take place either by ionisation, resulting from an unsymmetrical rupture of the bond, in which one atom took both the shared electrons, or by dissociation into free, neutral radicals, when the shared electrons were distributed equally between the two atoms. Thus, in the case of the chlorine molecule, disruption could occur either by dissociation into neutral atoms .. .. .. .. :c1 : Cl : + :c1-+ l: .. .. .. .. or by ionisation into oppositely-charged radicals, thus : .. .. .... :C1 : C1 : + : Cl (+ve) + : C1: (-ve) .. .. .. .. He proposed, therefore, to classify chemical reactions as of two types, the first ionic in character and the second in which free radicals played a major part. With reference to the first type, he quoted Professor Armstrong’s description of chemical change as “reversed electrolysis.” Dealing first with the simplest reactions, the lecturer gave the following examples of the two types: 187 First Type.-Ionisation of covalent molecules. f-Cl-Cl c1-+ ACl' c1-(I) + = - + ClOH (neutral) K+OH-K+ /OH-K+ the arrows representing the flow of one electron of current during the reaction; -3--3-(2) N(CH,), + CHJ = N(CH,),t+ I---+ -+ (3) CN + >C=O + K+ = >C-O + K+ I CN The ionic nature of the cyanhydrin reaction had been demon-strated by Professor Lapworth, who showed that it only took place in presence of a trace of alkali. Secovtd Type.-Dissociation into neutral radicals.(I) The thermal dissociation of iodine I, = 21 (neutral atoms) the neutrality of the atoms being shown by the absence of conductivity in the vapour. (2) The photochemical reaction of chlorine with hydrogen, as studied by Bodenstein, Norrish and others Cl, = zC1 (neutral) C1+ H, = H (neutral) + HC1, etc. (3) The action of sodium vapour on chlorine, as studied by Polanyi Na(vapour) + Cl, = Na+ C1-+ C1 (neutral). (4) The equilibrium between ortho-and para-hydrogen, studied by Bonhoeffer and Farkas, where atoms of hydrogen acted as catalyst tH + tHH.1 $ tHHt + H.l atom para ortho atom (5) The thermal dissociation of steam, also studied by Bonhoeffer and his colleagues H,O + OH + H (neutral radicals).In this reaction the hydroxyl-radical had been detected and studied by means of its band spectrum. 188 (6) The formation of neutral radicals during combustion, as studied by A. Fowler, by observations of band spectra burned N,O + H2-+ OH (neutral) burned NH, + 0, -+ NH (neutral) (7) The thermal dissociation of lead tetramethyl, with produc- tion of metallic lead and free methyl radicals, as studied by Paneth Pb(CH,), +Pb + 4CH, (neutral) Professor Lowry then dealt with application of this classi- fication to more complex organic reactions, giving the following examples of the frrst type involving ionic, or even-electron re- agents and of the second type, involving free radicals, or odd- electron reagents.First Type. (I) PYOi!Ol%O$y -CH.C=O 7%-C=C*OH I1 II These changes only take place in amphoteric solvents and the lecturer postulated the following as the principal intermediate stage in the mechanism +-+-+ (out) H C-C-0 H (in) AI-> -3 -3 -3 the arrows again indicating the direction of electron transfer. A flow of electrons through the molecule (by rearrangement of single and double bonds) in order to neutralise the charges resulting from ionic reactions at the end of the chain, is charac-teristic of all conjugated systems. (2) Hydrolysis, catalysed by acids or bases in presence of amphoteric water : CH3 +/ CH, CH,*CO.O.CH, = \C --0 = CH,-COOH + CH3.0H /\ \OH-+H+ HO 0-H* -+++ 189 In this reaction there is again a flow of electrons from the base to the acid through the molecule of ester, resulting in a rupture of the bond between the acidic and alcoholic radicals.(3) The Walden Inversion. C7H7 --I + CHS.CO.0 + CH.O*SO*C,H,+ K-3 I CH8 C7H7I-+ CHs*CO*OCH+ O*SO*C7H7+ K I CHs Second Type. The following cases have been cited by Professor Richard Kuhn, as examples of reactions brought about by reagents con- taining an odd number of electrons: (I) Polymerisation of isoprene by metallic sodium (neutral atoms). (2) The transformation of maleic to fumaric acid by Berthoud’s method, by the action of bromine under the action of light (neutral atoms).(3) The conversion of oleic to elaidic acid by means of nitrous acid (NO + NO,, stable molecules with odd numbers of electrons), All these examples, selected from inorganic and organic reactions can be most reasonably represented on the basis of one of the mechanisms outlined, and illustrate the very wide applic- ability of these conceptions. In the discussion which followed, Professors Lapworth, Kenner, and Dr. Goldstein took part. A vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. Pickard and seconded by Dr. Howell, was accorded to Professor Lowry. On 9th April, Dr. G. Roche Lynch, Senior Analyst of the Home Office, addressed a large joint meeting of the Manchester and Liierpool Sections of the Institute and the Northern Section of the Society of Public Analysts in the Engineers’ Club, Man- Chester, on the subject of ‘(Poisons and Poisoning.” The Chair was taken by Professor W.H. Roberts (Liverpool). 190 The lecturer dealt with his subject from the historical point of view, and, in a critical survey of the various factors governing toxicological investigations, made illuminating references to many cases of recent years in the investigation of which he had taken an active part. Manchester and District Students.-On 18th March, Dr. W. J. S. Naunton opened a discussion at the College of Technology, on 6b The Defects in Chemical Education.” The subject matter was of a very controversial nature and deliberately chosen in order to provoke criticism.Dr. Naunton stated that he quite realised the enormous difficulties in the way of educational reformers, but many felt that both in our methods of education, and in examinations, far too much importance was attached to the acquiring of a mass of technical facts rather than to developing the gift of “thinking technically.” Important industrial improvements were, more often than not, extraordinary simple ideas which had been overlooked by virtue of their simplicity rather than their pro- foundness. The newly-qualified chemist often attached so much importance to his recently acquired chemical knowledge and so little to his common sense, that he overlooked such technically important discoveries.The address was followed by a long discussion in which Messrs. Maddocks, Sowerbutts, Ikin, Jones, Weir, Allen, Davies, Lester, Hey, and Scholefield participated. A vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Naunton, on the motion of Mr. Maddocks, seconded by Mr. Ikin. On 30th April, a visit was paid to the works of The Lancashire Steel Corporation, at Irlam, where a very enjoyable afternoon was spent by a party of students, who were accompanied by four honorary members. The visitors enjoyed the experience of seeing the methods employed in the handling of hundreds of tons of materials. The ores are received from ocean-going steamers on the Manchester Ship Canal and, when the new landing stage is completed, the unloading of these steamers will be effected by a giant travelling crane of enormous capacity.The transfer of the ore to the storage bins, the mixing of the various ores, and the charging of the blast furnaces were in turn inspected; and although it was not possible to see the furnaces tapped for 191 iron, the running-off of the slag was seen and the working of the furnaces explained by members of the staff. The party was shown the new coke ovens, the steel furnaces, the rolling mills, and the power-houses. The Students’ Committee greatly appreciated the kindness of the Lancashire Steel Corporation in giving permission for the visit, and also of the members of the staff who conducted the party through the works. Newcastle-upon-Tyne and North-East Coast.-A meeting of the Section was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Coke Oven Managers’ Association, at Armstrong College, on 29th April, when a paper entitled “The Determination of Phosphorus in Coke.Part I. The Extraction of Phosphorus from Coke Ash” by A. H. Edwards, C. B. Marson and H. V. A. Briscoe, was read by Professsor Briscoe. The authors discussed the precipitation of phosphorus as ammonium phosphomolybdate, with particular reference to the elimination of molybdic acid. The possibilities of some 21 different methods of extracting the phosphorus were explored, and nine were selected as being typical. Each of these was used in the estimation of phosphorus in 57 samples of coke, and seven methods were found to give low results.It was suggested that French’s method should form the basis of a standard test both on the grounds of accuracy and speed. The method is as follows:-The requisite quantity of ash is digested with 5 C.C. of hydro- fluoric acid and 10 C.C. of nitric acid, a platinum crucible being used. The solution is evaporated to dryness and the digestion is repeated with the same quantities of acids. 15 C.C.of nitric acid (sg. 1.2) are added to the residue, and the contents of the crucible are evaporated to a small bulk. The solution is trans- ferred to a beaker, diluted with water, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to 50 C.C. neutralised with ammonia, the precipitate just redissolved in concentrated nitric acid, 4 C.C.excess nitric acid added, and the phosphorus determined by the volumetric phosphomolybdate method. An interesting discussion followed, and the authors were thanked for presenting their paper. 192 Relatives Sought.-The relatives are sought of Mary Harrison, aged 10years, whose mother died recently at Brandon House Nursing Home, Holly Walk, Leamington Spa. The father of the child, Norman Harrison, was a motor engineer of Bristol, who was killed some months before the child’s birth, but is believed to be survived by two brothers,-Godfrey Harri-son, an engineer, thought to be in Germany, and Stanley Harrison, a research chemist engaged in teaching in London. For the present, the interests of this child are being watched by a solicitor and medical men of Leamington.Anyone who is able to supply information regarding the uncles of the child is requested to communicate with Mrs. Norris, Holts House, Lees, Lancs. 193 April Examinations, 1932. Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned; the numbers of candidates examined and of those passed were: NO. No. POT the A880ckt~hip- Examined. Passed. General Chemistry: at the Institute and at the University, Manchester : 4th-9th April 36 16 For the Fellowghip- Branch C. Organic Chemistry with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc.: at the Insti-tute : 1 lth-15th April .. .. .. 2 1 Branch D. Biochemistry, with special refer- ence to Bacteriology and PhysiologicalChemistry: at the Institute and at University College, London: 1lth-15th April .... .. .. .. 1 0 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute : 1 lth-16th April .. 12 8 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the University, Reading: 18th-22nd April .. 2 2 Branch Q. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Soap Manufacture: at the Institute: 1 lth-16th April .. .. 1 0 Chemical Technology of Textiles, with special reference to Cotton Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing: at the College of Techno-logy, Manchester : 1 lth-16th April .. 1 1 Foods, with special reference to Chocolate and Confectionery : at the Institute, and in the Laboratories of the British Association of Research for the Cocoa, Chocolate, Sugar, Confectionery and Jam Trades: llth-15th April .. .. .. .. -1 1 -56 29 In the Emmination for the A880ckte8hip- --two candidates who previously satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, completed their examination by passing in the theory papers; eight candidates satisfied the Examiners in all parts of the examination except in the translation of German technical literature; four can-didates satisfied the Examiners in the practical work, but not in the written papers, and one candidate satisfied the Examiners in his written papers but not in the practical exercises. In the Examination for the Fellow8hip- in Branch C one candidate failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the first paper in General Organic Chemistry; in Branch E two can- didates failed to satisfy the Examiner in Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Microscopy-one in the written, oral and practical work, aad the other in the oral and practical work.EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY.FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIPGENERAL INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-on the whole, the written papers were answered creditably, but the amount of irrelevant matter was as great as ever. Many candidates waste time in giving rambling accounts of certain developments in chemistry, thus detracting from the value of an answer which may in fact contain the information required. In this examination the questions on physico-chemical sub- jects produced some good answers, and it is satisfactory to note that the majority of the candidates attempted these questions, but it was disappointing to find that Graham’s work on colloids was apparently unknown to many of the candidates. The practical exercises were not easy, and it was evident that the candidates found them difficult.The quantitative work was carried out satisfactorily and the results were accurate, making due allowances for work in an unfamiliar laboratory. ORGANICCHEMISTRY.-The standard reached in theoretical organic chemistry was none too high; in particular a very poor acquaintance with general synthetic reactions was displayed, and elementary mistakes in the structural side of the subject were too numerous. In the replies to the question relating to the scientific work of some famous organic chemists it was disappointing to find how little was known of the achievements of Kekulk, Baeyer and the Perkins, father and son.On the other hand it was interesting to note how the name of Emil Fischer has become that of an almost legendary hero of organic chemistry. For example, in connection with the sugars, he is credited not only with his own work but also with that of Kiliani and with much that has only come to light in quite recent years. Similarly, he is credited with a great part of Baeyer’s researches on the purines and with all the synthetic work in this group. The question on the chemistry of propylene evoked fairly satisfactory replies, and it was obvious that some of the candi- dates had had actual practical experience bearing on this topic.The more purely theoretical matters, such as the theory of dyna- mic isomerism, were very sketchily treated, and the descriptive side of the subject was not given with anything like sufficient accuracy. It seems possible that students are devoting too much attention to the advanced sections of the subject and neglecting the early fundamental reading, which alone can form a sound 195 basis of study leading to a real grasp of principle and the anto-matic assimilation of detail. The practical tests on this occasion proved to be more searching than usual, and the candidates were not particularly happy in regard to their final conclusions. The work was, however, well carried out on the purely technical side, and such weakness as was indicated was more the result of defects in theoretical knowledge and acumen than of inefficient laboratory‘ met hod.As usual the French translation offered little difficulty, but the German passage was of the type which could not be translated merely by writing down from a dictionary the English equivalents of the German words. The attention of all candidates is directed to the fact that failure to reach a satisfactory standard in German translation may prejudice their chances of satisfying the Examiners in the examination as a whole. A good translation is expected, though not necessarily one which is verbally correct, The most important consideration is that the translation should convey in an accurate manner the exact scientific meaning of the passage.The translation should be set down in properly constructed English sentences. FOR INEXAMINATION THE FELLOWSHIP BRANCHE: THE CHEMISTRY, INCLUDING MICROSCOPY,OF FOODAND DRUGS AND OF WATER. Answers to the written papers were on the whole reasonably well done, but it is worthy of note that the question which dealt with the production of alcohol by enzymes, and that in which candidates were asked to explain the terms “Proof Spirit” and “Obscuration” and to make a simple calculation of the excess water in a sample of spirit, were very imperfectly answered. It would almost appear that some candidates had to a great extent overlooked this important section of the work of a Public Analyst.This view is borne out by the fact that in the practical examination several candidates failed to note that a sample of whisky had been adulterated with over 12per cent. of liqueur. Some candidates showed a lack of experience in drafting Certificates under the Food and Drugs Adulteration Act. In examining an eye lotion several attempted to determine the quantity of boric acid in the presence of zinc sulphate by direct titration of the solution plus glycerine or mannitol, apparently being unaware that it is impossible to do this. 196 The exercise on the examination of a sample of tea seed oil disclosed the fact that the majority of candidates had kept themselves in touch with recent literature.In the examination of a sample of bacon, while all the candi- dates were conversant with the correct method for the estimation of nitrites in foodstuffs, some did not realise that it is impossible to detect and estimate nitrates in the presence of comparatively large amounts of chloride, without first removing the chloride by means of silver sulphate. The microscopical work was extremely well done. THERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGY AND MIcRoscoPY.-In the paper several of the candidates didnot seem to understand the difference between a colorimeter and a tintometer, and some did not seem to read the questions carefully and to answer what was actually asked. When asked to “Describe in detail how yo%would estimate . . .,” candidates should realise that the Examiner does not want general descriptions of some three or four possible methods of dealing with the problem.The practical work consisted of two questions, namely a simple exercise, the chemical analysis of an ointment, and a difficult exercise, the detection of luminal in a sample of urine. In this latter, the majority of the candidates detected that a barbituric acid group substance was present. The following papers and exercises were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 4th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Pass Stunclard may be attained by good answers to FOUR questions, but candidate8 may not submit answers to more than FIVE.) 1. Describe fully the meaning you attach to the term “amphoteric electrolytes.” How are such electrolytes recognised practically ? In what manner may the properties of amphoteric substances be utilised in quantitative analysis ? 2. Write an essay on (a) co-ordination compounds applied to quantitative separations and estimations in inorganic chemistry, OR (b)primary and subsidiary standards for volumetric analysis.3. Give an account of the work associated with the names of Caro, Graham, and van’t Hoff. 4. Discuss critically the qualitative and quantitative methods for the separation of copper, tin, antimony and arsenic. 5. Write an account of the halogen group of the periodic system, with special reference to the position of fluorine in the group. 6. What are the chief sources of zinc? How would you examine a zinc ore for its zinc content? What impurities would you expect iii the metal produced, and how would you look for them? 197 7.Describe the preparation and reactions of FOUR of the following substances: carborundum, iodine monochloride, sulphur hexduoride, permonophosphoric acid, silicon, ceric sulphate, chlorine monoxide. 2 to 5 p.m. (Pass Standard my be attained by good answers to FOUR questions, but candidates may not submit answers to more than FIVE.) 1. Write an account of the discovery of isotopes, and the methods of determining them in elements and compounds. 2. What do you understand by the partition or distribution law? Give examples of its application to liquid-liquid and gas-liquid systems. 3. Describe the use of hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and pyridine in analytical practice.4. How would you proceed to determine the solubility in water of salts which (1) possess a fair degree of solubility, (2) are very sparingly soluble? 5. What are the sources of beryllium and how is the oxide obtained? Describe briefly the properties and reactions of its salts. 6. Write an essay on (a) reactions between gases at high temperatures and pressures and the effect of catalysts on the reactions, OR (b) modern methods of preparing gases in a state of purity on the industrial scale. Illustrate your answer by considering two such gases. 7. By what methods may sulphur trioxide and sulphuric acid be prepared? Give an account of the chemistry of the chamber process of manufacture of sulphuric acid with special attention to Raschig’s views on the subject.TUESDAY, 5th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Pass Standard my be attained by good answers to FOUR qumtims, but candidates my not submit answers to more than FIVE.) 1. Write an essay on the scientific work of any TWO of the following: A. Kekul6, A. Baeyer, W. H. Perkin, sen., and W. H. Perkin, jun., E. Fischer and V. Meyer. 2. Give an account of the Chemistry of propylene and explain how this substance may be synthesised from its elements and in turn converted into glycerol. 3. Describe the developments in industrial chemistry which aros9 from the successful technical synthesis of indigotin. What are the possible sources of this dyestuff, and what factors have from time to time determined the choice of any of them as a starting point for the manufacture ? 4.Give the formula, the place of occurrence in nature, the scientific name if not mentioned, and a brief statement of a method of preparation of the following: coniine, camphor, menthol, flavone, oleic acid, mannitol, 2 : 4 dinitrochlorobenzene, beta-naphthol, alizarine, sym-collidine. 5. What are the chief sources of pyrrole and its derivatives? Illus-trate the various methods of ring-scission of the heterocyclic substances containing nitrogen as a ring-member, by reference to reactions of pyrroleand its hydrogenated derivatives. 6. How are the acid chlorides employed in various synthetical operations in the aliphatic and aromatic series? To what extent may these substances be replaced by the acid anhydrides ? 198 7.Discuss the present position EITHER of the theory of dynamicisomerism, OR of the interpretation of experimentally determined molecular dipole moments of organic substances. WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, 6th and 7th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 pm. mh day. (Candidates should complete the exercise in question 1 on the 3r8t day, but may commence that in question 2 on the same day if time allows.) 1. Examine the binary mixture (A) of an ester and a ketone. Separ-ate these constituents, identify them and prepare a crystalline derivative of each substance, other than the acid, in the case of the ester constituent. (A = n-butyl benzoate and acetophenone; or methyl cinnamate and cyclohexanone;or ethyl phthalate and methyl ethyl ketone.) 2.Identify the unknown crude substance (B)and make as completean examination of its properties and reactions as possible. (B =trihydroxytriethylamine stearate.) FRIDAY, 8th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 prn. Identify the mixture of two salts (C). (Qzlctlitative results to be returned by 11.30 a.m.) Determine quantitatively the constituents as fully as time permits. (C =mixture of equal parts of chromium and ferric formates.) SATURDAY, 9th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Examine the mixture (D) qualitatively.(D = Calcium tungstate and sodium vanadate.) 2. Determine the iron and manganese in the specimen of ferro-manganese supplied to you (E).Examination for the Fellowship. Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, Soap, etc. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions are to be attempted.) 1. Explain with full practical details how you would prepare from 2. Given an organic compound containing only one atom of oxygenn-butyl alcohol (a)n-propyl alcohol, and (b) n-amyl alcohol. in the molecule in addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, what steps would you take in order to determine the mode of combination of the oxygen atom? 3. What methods are available for the separation of mixtures of 4. Discuss the constitution of the diazo-compounds, OR describe primary, secondary and tertiary amines ? methods of replacing the diazo-residue by FIVE of the following atoms or groups: OH, C1, I, CN, SH, AsO(OH),.5. Describe the preparation, properties and principal uses of PIVE of the following substances: ethyl malonate, ethylene chlorhydrin,phenylglycine, phenolphthalein, benzidine, a-naphthol, F-naphthylamine, /hminoanthraquinone. 199 6. Give an account of the methods used for the preparation of organic compounds containing EITHER sulphur OR arsenic attached to carbon. 7. Describe methods of synthesis for compounds containing EITEER the pyridine OR the pyrazalone OR the glyoxaline nucleus. Refer to the natural occurrence or techical uses of compounds containing the nucleus which you select. 2 to 5 p.m. (SIXquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe fully the production of an oil by solvent extraction, and compare the various solvents which may be used for the purpose.How may traces of residual solvent be detected? 2. What do you understand by: (a) Alcoholysis, (b) Differential halogenation, (c)Thiocyanogen value ? Give examples of how these may be utilised in determining the constitution of an oil. 3. What are cotton stearine, cotton soap stock, cotton black grease, and cotton pitch? How are they obtained, and what are their uses? 4. Give a short account of the various causes of rancidity, discussing also recent work on the subject of “antioxygens.” 5. Describe a continuous process of oil hydrogenation, and discuss the application of hydrogenation to the production of fatty alcohols.What are their industrial uses ? 6. What is acetyl value ? How is it useful in studying the process of saponification, and in the analysis of soap ? How would you determine it ? 7. Discuss the value of colour tests in the examination of oils and fats, describing the various tests, and pointing out their limitations. 8. Give an account of how measurement of interfacial tension has been used in various directions in comparing oils and fats and soaps. 9. What methods are in use for cooling soap ? How do they affect 10. Give a full description of any one method for the preparation the quality and appearance of the soap? of a commercial crude glycerin. What would be the average composition of the type described. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 12th to 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Identify the Fat (A). 2. Determine the compos$ion of Composition (B). 3. Report upon the purity of the sample of cocoa butter (C). 4. Analyse fully the sample of soap powder (D). Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Bacteriology and Physiological Chemistry. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of modern theories regarding the structure of 2. What do you understand by “isoelectric point”? How would 3. Discuss the r61e of pyruvic acid in carbohydrate metabolism. 4. Write a general account of recent work on the nature and function the proteins. you ascertain the “isoelectric point ” of caseinogen ? 200 of vitamins A and D.5. What are the changes which together constitute the nitrogen cycle @ the soil ? 6. Describe the preparation and the biochemical significance of THREE of the following compounds: (a)cystine, (b) tyrosine, (c) creatine, (d) mannitol, and (e) insulin. 2 to 6 p.m. (FOURquestions to be attempted.) 1. Write an account of the respiratory pigments, with particular reference to the part played by some of them (e.g. cytochrome) in biological oxidations. 2. What important developments have occurred in recent years in the study of the chemical processes involved in muscular contraction ? 3. What evidence supports the view that fatty acids may be “de- saturated” in the liver? 4.Give a critical account of the methods employed in the standard- isation of disinfectants. 5. Outline the present views on the chemical basis on antigenic specscity. 6. What is the Voges-Proskauer reaction? Give an account of the work which led to the isolation and identification of the substance respon- sible for the reaction. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 12th to 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. From the sample of hair (A) make a preparation of cystine. 2. Make a quantitative examination of the urine (B) for the chief nitrogenous constituents. Suggest an interpretation of your results. 3. The specimen (C) contains a mixture of three micro-organisms. 4. Identify the substances (D) and (E) which are of physiological Prepare a pure culture of each and, as far as you can, identify them.importance. Branch E. The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Describe with all essential details how you would make a completemicroscopical examination of a powdered vegetable drug, in order to obtain information regarding its plant anatomy. Select a drug with which you are familiar and indicate how your scheme of examination would serve to identify it. 2. Write a brief account of the Vitamins. How would you compare 3. Explain as fully as you can the part played by enzymes in the the Vitamin A content of two samples of cod liver oil? production of alcohol from a cereal grain.(Answer in a separate notebook.) 4. Describe in detail how you would test for the presence of and estimate the amount of methyl alcohol in a beverage such as whisky,which was suspected to contain this substance. State briefly the effects that may be produced on man when this substance is drunk. 5. What do youunderstand by the terms “mydriasis ”and ‘‘myosis” ? Mention the drugs in the British Pharmacopoeia which produce these effects, giving the doses and indicating briefly how the drugs act. 6. Discuss the value of the colorimeter in analytical practice. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Explain the terms “proof spirit” and “obscuration.” A sample of whiskey is found on analysis to have an alcoholic content equivalent to 48 degrees underproof.Show from u st principles how to calculate the amount of water in the sample in excess of the legal limit. 2. Describe in detail how you would detect and determine tin in a sample of foodstuff. What amount would you consider objectionable ? 3. What special legal enactments control the sale of: (a) sausages,(b) dried milk, (c) carbolic disinfectants, (d) food colouring materials ? Give the provisions of each enactment so far as it refers to the substances in question. 4. Section 3 of the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1928, makes it unlawful “to sell or expose for sale any egg which has been subjected to any process of preservation unless the egg is marked in the prescribed manner.” What methods for the preservation of eggs are in common use 4 How would you ascertain if an egg had been subjected to any of these processes ? 5.Describe the tests you would apply to a sewage effluent to ascertain its suitablilty for discharge into a stream. TUESDAY, 12th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Make as complete an analysis as you can of the sample of cheese (A) and report upon it on the accompanying certificate. (Cheese made from skimmed milk-deficient in fat.) WEDNESDAY, 13th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Analyse the sample of eye lotion (B) and ascertain if it has been dispensed in accordance with the following prescription :-Acid boric . . .. grs. xxx Zinci Sulph. .. . . grs. xii Aq. dist. ad .. .. 3vi (Correctly dispensed.) 2. Examine microscopically the sample of sugar (C).(Contained fibres from sack.) THURSDAY, 14th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report upon the sample of edible oil (D). (Tea2. Examine microscopically the deposit (E) obtained from a sampleseed oil.) of milk. Comment on its significance. 202 FRIDAY, 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine and report qualitatively and quantitatively on the substances used in curing the sample of bacon (F). 2. Analyse and report on the sample of whisky (G) which is sub-mitted under the Food and Drugs Adulteration Act. (Adulterated with a liqueur.) BATURDAY, 16th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. IdentifyLthe ointment (H) and estimate the amount of its chief ingredient. ( Unguentum hydrarg. ammoniati.) 2.Examine the specimen of urine (J)for the presence of a hypnoticdrug. (Luminal.) Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 18th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Only FIVE questions to be aUempted.) 1. In a controlled manurial experiment, where all plant nutrients except one are present in sufEcient quantity, it is stated that “the increased crop produced by unit increment of the lacking factor is proportional to the decrement from the maximum.” Explain this statement and draw a curve to illustrate it graphically. 2. Write a short essay on the effect of manuring on the quality, 88 opposed to the quantity, of the crop. 3. Starting with a soil markedly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus, describe the changes observed in crops as each of the deficiencies is made good.4. Describe some of the “organic” soils found in this country. Account for the differences in fertility between the various varieties of these and state what fertilisers, if any, can be applied economically to them. 5. Write a short description of the liming of soils, and state how you would vary the procedure with different types of soil. 6. Describe the origin, composition and use of the following manures : 7. A tenant on leaving a holding may be awarded compensation shoddy, guano, cyanamide, kainit, wood ashes and rape dust. for the unexhausted fertility arising from his use of fertilisers and feeding stds. Discuss the principles on which such a system of compensationis founded.8. Describe the preparation and use of three important insecticides or fungicides. No two of the substances mentioned should belong to the same class. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not move than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Write a short essay on the mineral requirements of farm stock. 2. Describe the variations which occur in the nutritive value of paature grass, paying special attention to recent work on this subject. 3. A compound cake is suspected to have caused stock poisoning. Describe how you would investigate the matter. Details of analytical procedure need not be given. 203 4. Describe the constitution of the proteins and state how this may be related to the feeding value of these substances. 5. How are the “starch equivalents” of feeding stuffs determined and what use is made of these values in the compounding of rations? 6.A cow weighing 10 cwt. and yielding 2 gallons of milk per day is given the following daily ration: 20 lbs. hay, 40 lbs. mangolds, 3 lbs. bran and 24bs. palm kernel cake. Show by calculation whether this is, or is not, a suitable ration. (Analytical tables may be obtained on application.) 7. A sample of butter is sent to you for analysis. Describe the determinations you would carry out and state the figures you would expect to obtain if the sample were genuine. 8. If you have taken part in any original investigation in agricultural chemistry, describe the work and its signscance. TUESDAY, 19th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Report on the soil (A) with regard to its need for lime.(Theresults of this exercise must be handed in at the end of the day.) (A = moderately acid soil.) 2. The substance (B) is a mixture of two fertilisers. Identify these and estimate the two most important manurial constituents. (Thisexerehe may be wmpleted to-morrow.) (B = mixture of calcium cyanamide and bmic slag.) WEDNESDAY, 20th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete exercise 2 of yesterday. 2. Report on the sample (C) of sodium nitrate. (These exercises must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY, 2lst APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Carry out a complete analysis of the feeding stuff (D). (D = a molasses feed.) (This e~~~isemay be completed ~O-WWWOW.) FRIDAY, 22nd APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the previous day. 2. Examine the sample of copper sulphate (E) as to its suitability for the preparation of Bordeaux mixture. (E = 95 yocopper sulphate and 5% ferrous sulphate.) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Soap Manufacture. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Any FOUR questions to be answered.) 1. What considerations would guide you in framing the lay-out of a chemical works on a new and unoccupied site? 2. Give a general account of the methods used, and the principles on which they work, for measuring the pressure and the flow of liquidsin tubes, explaining especially the devices used when the differences of pressure we small. 204 3.What processes, and what kinds of plant, are used in separating solids from liquids, one liquid from another, and suspended particles of solids from gmes, respectively ? 4. In a certain chemical process the raw material is dissolved in acid, the solution separated from the undissolved residue, and the final product obtained by crystallisation from the solution. What plant will be needed to carry out these operations, and to ensure the pity of the product ? 5. Why is it sometimes necessary to soften water? What bearing has the use that is to be made of the softened water on the choice of the method to be used in softening it? For afternoon paper and practical work see those set for the candidates in Branch C (p. 199). Foods, with special reference to Confectionery and Chocolate.MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Enumerate the principal constituents of the cacao bean, and discuss the effects on these constituents of the various processes to which the bean is subjected on the plantation and in the factory. 2. What fumigants have been proposed for the destruction of insect pests in foodstuff factories ? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. Describe two methods of treating infested cacao beans. 3. Describe briefly two systems, (a) and (b), of softening water, indicating any differences in the resulting produdts. Discuss the effects of the use of the following types of water in the manufacture of confec- tionery : (i) Naturally soft water.(ii) Hard water. (iii) Water softened by system (a). 9, ?, 9,(iv) ,, (b). 4. Discuss the physical and chemical properties of fats in relation to their use in the manufacture of: (a) Chocolate. (b) Toffees. (c) Biscuits. 5. Discuss the rigidity of gelatin jellies with reference to the particular factors which influence this property in confectionery manufacture. TO what points would you pay particular attention in selecting a gelatin ? 6. In what directions is the pH value of interest to the confectionery manufacturer? Describe briefly how you would determine the pH of a coloured liquid containing sulphites. 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Describe with all essential practical details the Reichert-Meissl- Polenske-Kirschner process for the examination of butter fat.Explain briefly the theoretical considerations underlying each step of the process. 2. Write a brief account of enzydes. Explain as fully as YOU can the-part played by enzymes in the production of alcohol from a cereal gram. 3. Describe one form of Refractometer and discuss briefly its use in 4. Explain the following terms in their relation to the examination food analysis. Explain the terms “refractive index ” and “critical angle.” 206 of water for drinking purposes: “ammoniacal nitrogen,” “oxygenabsorbed,” “albuminoid nitrogen.” What significance would you attach to the presence of abnormally high quantities of ammoniacal nitrogen and chlorides in the same sample of water ? 5.What is the definition, for legal purposes, of fresh milk? What analytical data constitute presumptive evidence that a sample of milk (a) has been skimmed, (b) contains added water? What methods are available for the determination of the amount of added water in milk? TUEXDAY to B’RIDAY, 12th to 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Analyse the sample of chocolate (A) and make a report on it, discussing its suitability for sale in this country and in the U.S.A. 2. Examine for metals the sample of wrapping paper (B) and report on its suitability for the wrapping of confectionery. 3. Identify the samples (C) 1-6, and discuss their uses in confectionery manufacture. 4. Examine and report on the sample of essential oil (D).5. Analyse sample (E) and describe how you would make a similar product (flavouring constituents may be neglected). 6. Identify the dyes in the sample of Colour (F). Chemical Technology of Textiles, with special reference to Cotton Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing. MONDAY, 11th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p,m. (FIVEqueations to be attempted.) 1. Write a short essay on modern views of the structure of ce11do~e, and show how some of the more important properties of cellulose fibres may be interpreted in terms of this structure. 2. What do you understand by the term “tape sizing” 4 Comparethis process with that of sizing cotton yarn in the hank or bundle. 3. How would you propose to set up routine tests for the purpose of ensuring a production of the highest quality of mercerisation in the cam of, say, warp sateens? 4.How would you decide whether abnormally low strength of a 5. What substances other than chloride of lime and sodium hypo- cellulose material arose from chemical or from mechanical damage ? chlorite solutions are employed for the technical bleaching of cellulose materials? Give a description, with as much detail as time permits, of a method of bleaching cotton piece goods, making use of any one of these bleaching agents other than hypochlorites. 6. Define the term “desizing” in relation to cotton fabrics. What is the object of the process ? Describe three common methods of carrying out the process. 7. Give a brief account of the solubilised vat dyestuffs, including the Indigosol and Soledon ranges.Discuss critically the application of these dyes, and compare such application with that of the indigoid and anthraquinone vat dyes. 206 8. Give some account of recent developments in the production and application of wetting and scouring agents, with special reference to the avirols, gardinols, igepons, etc. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEqueations to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail four methods of producing a full black on cotton piece goods. By what chemical tests would you be able to distinguish between the four different kinds of dyeings you mention? 2. A piece of brown cloth appears in ordinary daylight to be an exact match to a cutting of brown silk. In electric light the cotton appears entirely different from the silk, being much redder in shade.How do you explain this ? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages, respectively, of using a “short bath” in dyeing with the substantive cotton dyestuffs? What are the essential differences between the dyeing of cotton fabrics on the jigger and on the wince machine? 4. Discuss the influence of heat and moisture on the properties of cotton. What do you understand by “plasticity” in this connection? Show how, by combined effect of heat, moisture and pressure, it is possible to produce valuable technical effects on cotton fabrics. 5. Cotton yarn may be dyed in the hank and also when wound on beam. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods, with particular reference to the application of vat dyestuffs.6. Describe laboratory methods for the estimation of (a) total size, (b) tallow, (c) starch, (d) magnesium chloride, in a sized yarn. 7. What are the difficulties which have been experienced in the mercerisation of fabrics containing both cotton and rayon yarns? To what extent have these difEculties been overcome? 8. Describe in detail one of the following dyeing processes: (a)Naphthol AS : TR/Frtst Red TR on linen yarn; (b)a bright green ‘‘gu~~m-teed fast to light” on a casement cloth, (c) sulphur black on cotton yarn or cheese. TUESDAY, 12th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The materials (A) and (B) are samples of dyestuffs recommended for application to cotton. Find suitable methods of application of these dyestuffs to cotton yarn and report upon the suitability of the dyeings for striping purposes in a cotton poplin.2. Report upon the methods by which the shades on the patterns (C)-(J) have been produced. State the class of dyestuff employed and, where you think it useful, give any additional information regarding the samples. WEDNESDAY, 13th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The cotton hose marked (K) has been rejected by the manu- facturer. Report upon the nature of the fault, and state whether in your opinion the defect could be removed by further treatment. 2. The substance (L)is said to be used in connection with the dycing of textiles. Report upon its nature and its degree of purity. 207 THURSDAY, 14th APRIL, 1932: 10 am. to 6 p.m.1. The piece of fabric (M) shows an irregular striped effect in the direction of the warp. Make an examination of the fabric and report upon the cause of the irregularity. 2. Samples of rapidase and malt extract are supplied. Reportupon the relative values of these substances for desizing purposes. The price of the rapidase is 55s. per cwt. ;the price of the malt extract is 63s. per cwt. FRIDAY, 15th APRIL, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The substance marked (P) is a recently introduced detergent. Report as fully as time permits on its value as compared with Lever’s soap flakes, for scouring purposes in a cotton bleach and dye works. 2. Compare the strengths of the two sgmples (N)and (0)of chryso-phenine.Personal. Professor H. V. A. Briscoe, D.Sc., Fellow, who has been for six years Director of the Department of Chemistry at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, has been appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, as from 1st October next. Dr. R. H. Pickard, F.R.S., Fellow, has been nominated to succeed Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, F.R.S., Fellow, as President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Dr. Frank T. Shutt, Fellow, Dominion Chemist and Assistant Director at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, is retiring after forty-four years service in the Division of Chemistry, Canadian Department of Agriculture. Dr. Sydney William Smith, Fellow, has been elected President of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Dr.Samuel Sugden, Associate, of Birkbeck College, London, has been appointed a Professor of Physical Chemistry in the University of London. The Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers has awarded a Telford Premium to Mr. H. C. Whitehead and Mr. Francis R. O’Shaughnessy, Fellow, for their paper on “The Treatment of Sewage Sludge by Bacterial Digestion.” 208 The Standardisation of Scientific Glassware IN 1914the Council of the Institute appointed an Advisory Committee to conduct research on glass in the laboratories of the Institute, with a view to arriving at suitable formulae to be freely available to manufacturers, and set aside f1zoo from its funds for this purpose.At a later date, further funds were provided by the Advisory Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. As a result, mainly of the work of Sir Herbert Jackson and his co-workers under the auspices of this Committee, over seventy formulae for batch mixtures were placed at the national disposal. In 1920 the Glass Research Committee of the Institute prepared and published a scheme for testing laboratory glassware and porcelain, which received the approval of the National Physical Laboratory. In 1921 the Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware was formed, and representatives were appointed by the following bodies : Association of British Chemical Manufacturers. British Chemical Ware Manufacturers’ Association.British Laboratory Ware Manufacturers’ Association. British Lampblown Scientific Glassware Manufacturers’ Association. British Medical Association. British Engineering Standards Association. British Scientific Instrument Research Association. British Science Guild. Board of Trade. Council for Medical Education and Registration. Chemical Society. Glass Research Association. Department of the Government Chemist. Institute of Chemistry. 209 Institute of Physics. Medical Research Council. National Physical Laboratory. Pharmaceutical Society. Society of Chemical Industry. Society of Glass Technology. Society of Public Analysts. The Committee, when first formed, had its headquarters at the National Physical Laboratory, at Teddington, but in 1923, at a Conference between representatives of the Institute, of the National Physical Laboratory and of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, it was arranged that the Committee should come under the aegis of the Institute, and the Council of the Institute agreed to provide secretarial service and accommodation for the meetings of Committees and Sub-Committees.The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research took the view that further funds should be provided by those directly and practically interested in standardisation. An appeal was issued, and as a result the following subscriptions were received : E s. d. (The late) Edmund White, F.I.C. .. .. I00 0 0 The British Laboratory Ware Manufacturers’ Association .... .. *. 25 0 0 The British Scientific Instrument Research Association .. .. .. .. 20 0 0 The General Council of Medical Education and Registration .. .. .. .. 20 0 0 The Association of British Chemical Manu- facturers .. .. .. .. .. I0 I0 0 The British Medical Association .. .. I0 0 0 The Pharmaceutical Society . . .. .. I0 0 0 The Society of Chemical Industry .. .. I0 0 0 The Society of Public Analysts .. .. 500 Total . . .. .. L2IO I0 0 At a meeting held in December, rgq, the Joint Committee agreed that the President of the Institute of Chemistry should be ex-o$cio Chairman of the Committee, with Sir Herbert Jackson as Vice-chairman, and the Assistant Secretary of the 210 Institute-then Mr. G.S. W. Marlow, and, later, Mr. R. L. Collett-as Secretary. Mr. V. Stott, of the National Physical Laboratory, acted as Technical Secretary throughout. The Committee appointed four Sub-committees:-A-Volumetric Glassware : Chairman, Dr. J. J. Fox; B-Lampblown and Furnace Made Glassware: Chairman, Dr. J. J. Fox; C-Chemical and Physical Properties of Glass : Chairman, Sir Herbert Jackson; and D-Porcelain. The following is a summary of the matters with which these Sub-Committees have dealt :-SUB-COMMITTEEA has 4eld 14 meetings, dealing with: (a) Units of Volume.-The report on “Units of Volume,” prepared by this Sub-committee, was printed as “Report No. I-Joint Committee for the Standardisation of Scientific Glassware,” published in August, 1924. This report recommended the use of the millilitre (ml) instead of “c.c. ” as the unit of volume for volumetric glassware.British manufacturers of scientific glassware acted promptly on the recommendation and, since 1924, practically the whole of the volumetric glassware submitted to the N.P.L. for test has been calibrated by the manufacturers in terms of the millilitre and marked “ml.” The millilitre is also being more extensively used in chemical literature. It was adopted instead of “c.c.” by the Institution of Petroleum Technologists for the second edition of Standard Methods of Testing Petroleum and its Products, published in 1929; the millilitre is used throughout Standard Methods for Testing Tar and its Products (1929); it is used in Statutory Rules and Orders, No.4zI-The Fertilisers and Feeding St~flsRegulations (1928)”; the Society of Public Analysts’ Milk Products Sub-committee to the Standing Committee on Uni- formity of Analytical Methods has used the millilitre in its reports, Milk Products Report No. I (1g27), and Milk Products Report, No. z (1930). The millilitre is also used in papers on analysis in the Bureau of Standards Journal of Research, and has been adopted instead of “c.c.” by the ,South African Sugar Techno- logists Association (1931). The millilitre is used throughout the Re9ort of Sub-Committee on Ampoule Glass (Pharmacopceia Commission; Reports of Sub-committees, General Medical Council); in the triennial edition of A.S.T.M. Standards, pub-lished in 1930,by the American Society for Testing Materials, 211 and is employed in a considerable number of standard tests in which “c.c.” was previously employed.(6) Circular Letter to Teachers of Chemistry.--In August, 1924, a copy of the report on “Units of Volume,” with a covering letter, calling attention to the report, and also emphasising the necessity of accuracy in volumetric glassware, was sent to professors and teachers of chemistry in the universities and public and secondary schools in Great Britain. (c) National Physical Laboratory Test Pamphlet .-The National Physical Laboratory afforded the Committee an op-portunity of considering in detail, while still in proof form, the edition of the test pamphlet, Tests on Volumetric Glassware, published in 1924.(d) The Sub-committee has also prepared detailed recom- mendations on the sub-division of scales on volumetric glassware, and detailed specifications for a number of special flasks such as sugar flasks. Information has also been collected regarding the dimensions at present in use by British manufacturers for ordinary one-mark bulb pipettes, as a prehinary to the preparation of standard specifications. (e) Co-operation with the Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee.-All the specifications, with the exception of those for thermometers and tintometer glasses, published in pages 201 to 235 of Standard Methods for Testing Tar and its Products (~gzg),were submitted in draft to Sub-committee A.Representatives of the Tar Committee attended the meetings at which the drafts were considered, and the approval of Sub-Committee A was given to the specifications before they were published. A complete set of this standard apparatus was exhibited at the Chemical Plant Exhibition, held at the Central Hall, West- minster in July, 1931,in connection with the Jubilee meetings of the Society of Chemical Industry. (f) Co-ofieration with Imperial Chemical Industries.-The Analytical Chemists Committee of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., on the invitation of Sub-Committee A, appointed two representatives to the Sub-committee, with a view to securing co-ordination in the standardisation work. 212 (g) Co-operation with the “Dirt in Milk” Sub-Committee of the MiEk Products Sub-Committee to the Sta.Peding Committee on Uniformity of Analytical Methods of the Society of Public Analysts.-Standard specifications for two centrifuge tubes were prepared by Sub-committee A for the “Dirt in Milk” Sub-committee. Subsequently, tubes were manufactured to this specification, tested at the N.P.L., and put into use by members of the “Dirt in Milk” Sub-committee. This Committee has not yet issued its report, but it is understood that the proposed standard tubes proved satisfactory. (h) Co-opeyation with the Empire Marketing Board.-A Sub-Committee of the Dairy Research Committee of the Empire Marketing Board has been set up to prepare standard specifica- tions, intended for use throughout the Empire, for scientific glassware used in the dairy industry.At the invitation of the Board, Mr. J. Davies was appointed by Sub-committee A to represent the Joint Committee on the Board’s Committee, and Mr. Douglas H. Baird was appointed to act as an alternative representative on occasions when Mr. Davies could not attend meetings. The Chairman of the Empire Marketing Board’s standardisation Sub-committee (Mr. V. Stott) was also a member of Sub-committee A. (i) Co-operation with Institution of Petyoleum Technologists.- The Standardisation Committee of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists decided to submit to the Joint Committee for consideration all specifications for scientific glassware, which were being prepared for the third edition of Standard Methods of Testing Petroleum and its Products.(j) Origin of Co-operation.-All the above bodies with which co-operation has taken place in the first instance consulted the Director of the National Physical Laboratory, who suggested , that the Joint Committee should also be consulted. This suggestion was accepted in every case. SUB-COMMITTEEB held joint meetings with Sub-committee A to consider the drafts submitted by the Standardisation of Tar Products Tests Committee. Copies of the details relating to the Distillation Flasks, standardised in conjunction with that Committee were, at their request, supplied to the British Engi- neering Standards Association-now the British Standards Institution.213 Negotiations were commenced with the British Laboratory Ware Association regarding the standardisation of flasks. SUB-COMMITTEEC.-In 1926 the Sub-committee issued a questionnaire to universities, colleges and other laboratories, inviting their opinion with regard to the quality of British scientific glassware, and a summary of the results of this questionnaire was brought to the notice of the Board of Trade. SUB-COMMITTEED-Porcelain-has held no meetings. NEED FOR STANDARDISATION.-The details which have been given above of co-operation between the Joint Committee and other bodies, indicated clearly that there was a demand for standardisation. The Society of Glass Technology have a Glass Standards Committee, which up to the present has been working on problems relating to the chemical properties and thermal resistance of glass.The Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft have set up a parallel committee, and from time to time these two committees have held joint meetings to exchange views and secure co-ordination. Some of the B.E.S.A. (now B.S.I.) specifications contain details of glass apparatus. In 1926 the preparation of DIN-DENOG (Deutsche Industrie- Normen-Deutsches Normalgerat) specifications was begun. The first standard specification was issued in July, 1927, and up to this year fifty-eight specifications for laboratory glassware have been published. The Committee on the Standardisation of Laboratory Glass- ware of the Society of Chemical Industry, which reported in rgrg, and preceded the formation of the Joint Committee, together with the initial work done by the Institute already mentioned, gave Great Britain a start on the standardisation of laboratory glassware, and it is important that this work should be continued.At the beginning of this year, therefore, the Joint Committee gave careful consideration to possible future arrangements for the standardisation of scientific glassware, and it seemed to be the general opinion that the British Standards Institution, as newly reorganised, should be asked to undertake it, and to collate and publish the work already done, as the Committee felt that the time was opportune for centralising all work on standardisation under the auspices of the body formed for that purpose.214 Assurances were received from the British Standards In- stitution that they would be willing to undertake the work. Accordingly the Committee communicated with the constituent bodies, and all expressed their agreement with the above pro- posals. The Council of the Institute has, therefore, handed the books and papers concerned with the work of the Joint Com- mittee to the British Standards Institution, together with the balance of the fund in its keeping, amounting to EZIO 12s. gd. The Institute has made no charge for the expense incurred in the work of the Committee, and the fund has only been debited with the cost of the printing of the Report on “Units of Volume.” The Council has received the thanks of the Committee for the assistance rendered in its work, and the British Standards Institution have agreed to form a special committee under the Chemical Division, which will, in the first instance, consist largely of the personnel of the Joint Committee.215 Notes. Professor Henderson, in the course of his Address at the Annual General Meeting of the Chemical Society, quoted a passage from an editorial article in Chemistry and Industry, (referred to on page 182; from which it would appear that the Editor, in his desire to give credit where it is due, overlooked the valuable publications of the Society of Public Analysts, the Biochemical Society, and the Faraday Society, and the activities of other bodies devoted to chemistry and chemical industry.Every chemical body, according to its constitution, can claim that it is rendering services in the interests of chemistry and of the profession; so that the argument, that the publication work of the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry is of value to chemists who do not support them, also applies to the work of various kinds carried on by other organisations. It is clearly imperative, however, that the fullest possible support should be given to the publication of new matter and, therefore, the appeal of the President of the Chemical Society should receive the sympathetic consideration of all chemists. On the same occasion, in dealing with the finances of the Institute, Professor Henderson said, “In 1930,the capital fund amounted to &22,238,the ordinary income to E11,718, and the extraordinary income to Eg80.The expenditure was very heavy, but nevertheless, the Treasurer was able to invest Ez,317, and still retain a balance of k502.” The amount of the Capital Fund, however, was given with- out regard to the Liabilities. The surplus assets at the end of 1930amounted to E21,762, inchding the investment of &,317, and the balance of L~oz.This balance had, in fact, been reduced from i1,051 (brought forward from the previous year) partly by investment. Moreover, the investment was E~,ooomore than usual owing to the postponement of certain publications, while the Institute was also liable for Income Tax (eventually about E270), a matter held in abeyance at the request of its ground landlord and the Income Tax authorities. The “ordinary income” to which reference was made, included Hire of Laboratories, a source which has now practically 216 disappeared; Examination Fees, which amount to much less than the cost of the examinations; Appointments Register, i.e.postage charges which are paid by members using that register, but include no contribution towards its general administration ; and Advertisements, which are merely a “set-off ” against printing; while the ‘‘extraordinary income ” mentioned consisted entirely of Entrance Fees and Life Compositions, which, in all such bodies as the Institute, should be reserved for investment, in order to provide income in the place of annual subscriptions which would be paid by Life Fellows if they did not compound. It has been the policy of the Honorary Treasurer and Finance Committee to keep the expenditure of the Institute within the income available.The average margin is not more than &50 a year; but it will be recalled that, although the Institute has less invested capital than some of the other Societies and has to pay rent and rates, it was able, without realising any investments and without other assistance, to defray the entire cost of its Jubilee Celebrations in 1927,and recently to provide a new Meeting Hall. Industrial Administration.-On 27th May, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, an informal Conference was convened by the Institute of Industrial Administration, to discuss the question whether it is desirable that facilities should be provided for instruction in the principles of industrial manage- ment, in order to enable professional technical men to fit them-selves to undertake administrative duties.Dr. E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., kindly attended the conference, at the request of the President, and it was also attended by members of the Textile Institute, and of Institutions concerned with various branches of engineering. Mr. A. S. Comyns Carr, K.C., M.P., who presided, suggested that technical men did not get their fair share of administrative positions, because many were deficient in knowledge of the essentials of management. The proposal was advanced, there- fore, that the professional institutions should include a paper on industrial management, optional or otherwise, in their examina- tions, and should make a co-ordinated effort to encourage some knowledge of management on the part of their members.The facilities for teaching the subject were limited, but proper courses would be forthcoming when the Institutions made that demand. 217 A course in the fundamentals of industrial management would include :-Industrial history and elementary economics ; manage-ment theory ; industrial organisation ; production ; distribution ; development and research ; management graphics ; cost accounts; trading and profit and loss accounts ; higher control; industrial law ; and office organisation.The function of the Institute of Industrial Administration in the matter would be to co-ordinate effort. It would endeavour to assist the professional institutions in encouraging their members to give consideration to the importance of training for manage- ment. The conference was generally in favour of a movement in the direction indicated, and it is probable that a further meeting on more official lines will be convened to deal with the matter in the near future. Income TaX.-JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,Part I (pp. 60-62), contained a statement regarding possible concessions which might be allowed to chemists in respect of income tax. Information has lately been received regarding the claim of a chemist to abatement in respect of clothing damaged in the course of his occupation. During the hearing before the Com- missioners, the Chairman suggested that the einployer paid the chemist sufficiently well to make it worth his while, notwith- standing the damage to the clothing, and that, therefore, he would dismiss the case and disallow the claim.The repre- sentatives of the chemist then made the point, that if the chemist were paid above normal in view of the nature of his work, then the assessment should allow a deduction for expenses, since the salary was inflated by the amount expected to be so spent. The Commissioners granted the amount claimed. Testing Work for the Building Industry.-The Depart-ment of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued the following announcement regarding Testing Work for the Building Industry:-“In recent years there has been a growing demand on the Building Research Station of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for tests and reports on building materials and forms of construction.In order to enable the 218 Station to cope with these requests, a panel of approved testing laboratories is being established to act in association with the Station. The essence of the scheme is to put the Station in the position to have tests carried out at laboratories on the panel and then to incorporate the results in Government reports or certificates issued by the Station. The bulk of the tests will probably be mechanical or physical; of the chemical tests most will probably be simple analyses.“Applications are invited from testing laboratories wishing to participate in the scheme. Further particulars and forms of application can be obtained from the Director, Building Research Station, Garston, Herts.” Artificial Dye Exhibition.-In connection with the Jubilee celebrations of the Science Museum, South Kensington, a comprehensive exhibition, showing the state of the artificial dye- stuffs industry in 1857 and at the present day, will be open to the public from the beginning of July, and will probably remain open for several months. The exhibits have been arranged to cover as wide a field as possible, and, in addition to specimens representing the various classes of dyestuff, include-methods of manufacture, com-mencing from the coal-tar stage; objects showing the properties of dyes; and a large selection illustrating various applications to textile fabrics, plastics, leather and other goods.The printing of fabrics will be demonstrated by a model three-colour printing machine, in conjunction with illuminated transparencies of plant and a collection of printed fabrics. Exhibits of plain- coloured fabrics will be enhanced by the inclusion of specimens of the dyes actually used for producing each colour. The manu- facture of coloured casein products will be shown in all its stages, and a series of scientific exhibits will show the range of colour which can now be obtained from the different classes of dyestuff.The exhibits, which are being brought together with the aid of several well-known chemical firms and authorities, will show the remarkable development of artificial dyes during the seventy- five years that have elapsed since the discovery of “mauve” by W. H. Perkin in 1856. Some of Perkin’s original specimens will be on view, and other historical exhibits will include-a model of a natural indigo factory and a series of specimens of natural dyes, with examples of the colours produced on various materials. 219 Obituary. CHaRLEs WRIGHTMEANWELLdied at Muswell Hill, London, N., on 5th April, in his 71st year. Educated at Cowper Street School, in the City of London, where he studied chemistry under Barff, he matriculated at London University and gained a Bursary, with which he continued his scientific education at Anderson’s-now the Royal Technical-College, Glasgow, where he worked under Mills, and obtained a number of certifi- cates and awards from the City and Guilds of London Institute, for oils, colours, varnishes, and iron and steel manufacture.He was joint author, with Mills, of a short paper “On the action of oxides on salts,” which was read before the Chemical Society. In 1881 he joined the laboratory staff of Messrs. De La Rue & Co., then under Dr. Warren De La Rue, F.R.S., and Hugo Muller, F.R.S., both Fellows of the Institute, where he continued until his retirement in 1922, having held the position of senior chemist for over 40 years. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. ERNEST ROWLEYWHITWORTH died in London, on the 5th February, in his 58th year.He studied at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, and in 1891 became an apprentice chemist in the laboratories of the North-Eastern Railway Co., under R. Routledge, after whose re- tirement he continued as acting chemist until 1906, when he was appointed chief chemist to that Company. He held this appointment until the grouping of the railways in 1924, when he was appointed district chemist, at Darlington, in charge of the North-Eastern area of the London and North-Eastern Railway.He was a member of the Committee of Railway Chemists, advisory to the railway companies of Great Britain as a whole, and was Chairman of this Committee for the years 1909 and 1917.During the War, he was a member of the Committee appointed by the railways executive to deal with matters relating to explosives, etc., for H.M. Government. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1927. JOHNCLOUGHTHRESHdied at Spergula, Chelmsford, on 23rd May, in his 82nd year. Born at Wakefield, he was educated at Owens College, Manchester. He graduated B.Sc. (Lond.), in 1880, and proceeded to D.Sc. in 1882; M.B., Ch.B. (Vict.) in 1889, M.D. in 1896, and obtained the Diploma in Public Health (Cantsb.) in 1892. He was for many years lecturer on public health in the London Hospital Medical College, and medical officer of health to the Essex County Council. He devoted special attention to water supplies, hold the appointment of water examiner to several authorities, and was the author of Water and Water Supplies, The Examination of Water and Water Supplies, The Water Supplies of Essex, The Alkaline Waters of the London Basin, The Wholesomeness of Saline Waters, and, jointly with W.Whitaker, of The Water Supply of Essex, and contributed numerous papers to the medical and chemical press. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1887. SIR THOMAS MORRISONLEGGE, M.D., C.B.E., for many years H.M. Medical Inspector of Factories, died at Warlingham, Surrey, on 7th May. Fellows and Associates will recall that Sir Thomas gave a lecture before the Institute in 1930 entitled “Lessons learnt from Industrial Gases and Fumes.” 220 Books and their Contents.Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 11, 1932, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Volumetric Analysis.” G. Fowles. Pp. xii + 202. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 6s. An elementary survey of the subject for use in schools, illustrating the application of some principles of physical chemistry. Introduction ; standard solutions ; indicators ; accuracy and associated matters ; calibration of apparatus; acidimetry and alkalimetry ; oxidi-metry; iodometry ; precipitation processes; synopsis of volumetric determinations. Tables of atomic weights and solubilities. Index. “Mersey and Irwell Committee Proceedings, 1931-2.” Pp.viii + 91. (Preston: T. Snape & Co,. Ltd.) Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending 31st March, 1932. Index. “Ribble Joint Committee Proceedings, 1931-2.’’ Pp. vi + 89. (Preston: T. Snape & Co., Ltd.) Proceedings of the Joint Committee for the year ending, 31st March, 1932. “Modern Methods of Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” A. D. Mitchell and A. M. Ward. Pp. xi + 178. (London: Longmans, Green & Co.) 6s. Methods based on the formation of positive halogen ions; adsorption indicators; oxidation-reduction indicators; analytical uses of organic (and other) complexes; the “Reductor”; selected methods for the estimation of some seventy elements, radicals and compounds ;dilution tables. Index.(‘Scientific Principles of Petroleum Technology.” Leo Gurwitsch and H. Moore. New Edition. Pp. xii + 571. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 30s. The book is divided into three parts: I, 11,and 111, and each part sub- divided. I. Raw Material. A. Chemistry. General remarks on the investigation of chemical composition of petroleum ; constituents of petroleum ; hydrocarbons, chemical behaviour of petroleum hydrocarbons ;sulphurand nitrogen compounds ; mineral constituents; water ; natural gas. B. Physics. Specific gravity; viscosity; surface tension and the fcrma- tion of emulsions ; optical, electrical and thermal properties ; phy&alcondition ; solubility and solvent capacity. C. Brief characteristics of the most important petroleum oils.D. Appendix. 221 11. Manufacture. A. Preliminary treatment. B. Distillation ; steam ; vacuum ; combined steam and vacuum ; benzene vapour ; chemical processes in distillation and “destructive distillation ” ; refinery distilla- tion; heat economy in distillation; fractional distillation. C. Refining : Sulnhuric acid and alkali refining ;results ;utilisation of waste products ; var’lous chemical methods of refining; refining by selective solubility and by adsorpt,ion. 111. Products. Benzine; lluminating and lubricating oils ; paraffin wax; vaselines. Indexes. “Rubber Information. ’’ Edited by H. B. Cronshaw, assisted by F. H. Cotton, H. A Daynes, T. J. Drakeley, J. R. Scott, H. P. Stevens, W. H. S evens, and S. H. Withey.Pp. I44 + lxxiii. (London: Leonard Hill, Ltd.) 10s. A compendium of the rubber industry, including-in addition to trade directories, statistics, etc.-a dictionary of technical terms connected with the rubber industry with explanatory notes. “Sands, Clays and Minerals,”-Mr. A. L. Curtis, of Chatteris, has forwarded a copy of the first number of a new quarterly magazine devoted to Economic Minerals under the title “Sands, Clays and Minerals.” The contents include-notes on black diamonds; practical sampling of ores; sands in British indus- try; slate; manufacture of Portland cement ; lithographic abrasives ; precious stones ; a simple way to analyse clay ; economic minerals (actinolite) ; trade marks of British cements. The Safety in Mines ResearchBoardhas published a report of the proceedings of the International Conference on Safety in Mines, held at Buxton in 1931,which was attended by repre- sentatives of Belgian, French, German and American mine safety research organisations. The safer use of mining explosives, was the principal subject for discussion.Addresses were given on :-“ Simultaneous Shot- firing: the Position in Belgium,” by A. Breyre; “The Testing of Explosives,” by M. Audibert ; “ Investigations on the Igniting Power of Explosives,” by E. Beyling; and “The Application of Schlieren Photography in Researches on Explosives,’’ by W. Payman. At the conclusion of the Conference, tentative arrangements were made for future international co-operation on safety in mines research, subject to ratification by the organisations concerned.Copies of the report (S.M.R.B. Paper, No. 74, price IS. 6d. net) are obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, or through any bookseller. 222 The Register. At the Meetings of Council held on mnd and 29th April and 27th May, 1932, 5 new Fellows were elected, 19 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 55 new Associates were elected, 2 Associates were re-elected and 39 Students were admitted. The Council regrets to report the death of 3 Fellows. New Fellows. Burkhardt, George Norman, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Mane.), 31, Manor Drive, West Didsbury, Manchester. Malan, Jacques, M.A. (Cape), Ph.D. (Mane.), Cape Explosives Works, Ltd., P.O. Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, S.Africa. Marrian, Guy Frederic, D.Sc. (Lond.), Biochemical Dept., University College, London, W.C. 1. Naidu, Sura Rajagopal, B.A., M.B., B.S. (Madras), Chemistry Dept., Imperial College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.7. Wallis, Albert Edward, 16, Park Road, Clydach, Swansea. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Ragnall, Douglas James Talbot, A.C.G.F.C., 184, High Street, Hull. Burton, Harold, M.Sc. (Sheff .), Ph.D. (Lond.), The University, Leeds. Butler, Raymond Renard, M.Sc. (Lond.), 43, Upland Road, Selly Park, Birmingham.Corbet, Alexander Steven, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Rubber Research Institute of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Dring, George, B.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Venezia, Streetsbrook Road, Solihull, Birmingham.Fell, Eric Whineray, M.Sc. (Birm.), Belle Vue, Ulverston, Lanes. Hay, Robert, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Glas.), 19, Wilton Mansions, Glasgow, N.W. Jones, Robert Henry, M.Sc. (Manc.), Thornville, Fulwood Hall Lane, Preston. Klein, Louis, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester. Lander, Percy Edward, D.Sc. (Lond.), M.A. (Cantab.), Lyallpur, Punjab, India. Lee, Herman, B.Sc. (Lond.), 81, Whitchurch Gardens, Edgware, Middlesex. Lewin, John Upton, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.C.G.F.C., 36, Station Road, Weald- stone, Middlesex. Love, Malcolm McFarlane, 3, Tannahill Terrace, Paisley. Monkhouse, AlIan Cuthbertson, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), 5, Henleaze Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Nurse, Edwin Hart, B.Sc. (Lond.), Government Laboratory, Clement’s Inn Passage, London, W.C.2. O’Sullivan, Daniel Joseph, B.Sc.(X.U.I.), Public Analyst’s Laboratory, Eglinton Street, Cork. 223 Timmis, Geoffrey Millward, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), 24, Freta Road, Bexley Heath, Kent. Tucker, John Morgan, B.Sc. (Lond.), Messrs. W. Crawford & Sons, Fah6eld Biscuit Works, Liverpool. Wilson, William, County Laboratory, County Buildings, Dwnfries. New Associates. Andrew, Leslie Walter, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 38, Santos Road, London, S.W.18. Barlow, Alfred, B.Sc. (Mane.), Belmont Meaford Avenue, Stone, Staffs. Blenkinsop, John Clifford, 14, Heathfield Terrace, Far Headingley, Lceds. Bradley, John Newsum, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., Glebe Croft, Church Lane, Attenboro’, Notts. Brooks, Arthur, A.M.C.T., 42, Cross Lane, Radcliff e, Manchester. Chayen, Israel Harris, M.Sc.(Lond.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C., Grafton House, Church Street, London, N.16. Clark, Malcolm Turner, B.Sc. (Lond.), 65, Sefton Avenue, London, N.W.7. Crowther, Walter Fred, A.M.C.T., 11, Albert Road, Heaton Moor, Stock- port, Cheshire. Davies, Evan Richard Hymel, B.Sc. (Wales), Walton House, North Parade, Aberystwyth. Davies, Robert Ingman, M.Sc. (Liv.), Pistyll, Nerquis, Mold, Flints. Denny, James Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 64, Gloucester Road, Kew Gardens, Surrey.Dick, James Tertius Archibald, A.R.T.C., 1, Dolphin Road, Maxwell Park, Glasgow.Dunn, John Short, B.Sc. (Lond.), Education Dept., Kumasi, Ashanti, Gold Coast. Edgington, Ben., B.Sc. (Lond.), 22, Chantrey Road, W.Bridgford.Ferguson, William Hunter, 115, Bury Street, Stowmarket. Grisman, Wilfrid John, 67, Temple Road, Sale Cheshire. Hambridge, Roger Lambert, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 2, Bellemoor Road, Shirley, Southampton. Hannay, Ramsay John, B.Sc. (Mane.), Braeside, Hurst Lane, Bollington, nr. Macclesfield. Hartley, Herbert Kent, B.Sc. (Mane.), Springwood House, Chadderton, Oldham. Heath, Sidney Phippen, M.A. (Cantab.), A.R.C.S., County Education Office, Weston-super-Mare.Howells, David William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 25, Cardiff Road, Troedyrhin, nr. Merthyr, Glam. Howes, Percy Edmund, B.Sc. (Liv.), 7, PretoriaStreet, Handbridge, Chester. Ikin, Gilbert, A.M.C.T., 45, Elm Road, Crumpsall, Manchester. Israelstam, Samuel Sholm, M.Sc. (Witwatersrand), 18, Nind Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, S. Africa.Jackman, Frank Arthur, B.Sc. (Lond.), Little Haven, Crawford Road, Wembley, Middlesex. Jephcott, Clarence Mansell, M.A., Ph.D. (Toronto), 37, Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l. Lewis, David Thomas, B.Sc. (Wales), 3, Pontycapel Road, Cefn Coed, Merthyr Tydfil, Glam. Littlewood, Arthur, M.A. (Cantab.), Ozanne Laboratory, College Street, Guernsey, C.I. Maiden, Alan Mulock, B.Sc. (Liv.), 37, Karslake Road, Wavertree, Liver- pool.Mair, John Montgomerie, B.Sc. (Glas.), El Aguila Refinery, Apartado 161, Tampico, Tamps., Mexico. 224 Mansell, Richard Ivor, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., c/o Messrs. Thos. Parsons, Church Road, Mitcham. Marsh, Norman, 33, Parkside, Wallasey, Cheshire.Marshall, George Reginald, B.Sc. (Lond.), 84, Fruen Road, Feltham, Middlesex. Moffitt, William George, B.Sc. (Leeds), Ph.D., 33, Shadeld Street, London, s.w.3. Muir, William, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Edin.), 14, Park Road, Trinity, Edinburgh. Narayana, Nuggehalli, M.Sc. (Bombay), Dept. of Physiology, Seth G.S. Medical College, Bombay, 12, India. Osgood, Geoffrey, B.A. (Cantab.), 23, Ampthill Street, London, N.W. 1. Parekh, Mukundrai Maneklal, M.Sc. (Bombay), Organic Laboratories, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1. Parkin, John Davies, B.A., M.Sc. (Cantab.), Honeywell Mount, Honeywell Street, Barnsley. Potash, Simon, M.Sc. (Manc.), 6, Warwick Avenue, London, W.2. Redfarn, Cyril Aubrey, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Liv.), 4, The Brandries. Beddington, Surrey.Savage, Leslie Henry Wallis, B.Sc.(Lond.), Avena, Goodhart Way, W. Wickham. Silverman, Israel Reuben, B.Sc. (Mane.), 115, Broughton Lane, Lower Broughton, Salford, Manchester. Turner, Stephen Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 12, New Heston Road, Heston, Hounslow. Varley, Harold, M.Sc. (Mane.), 34, Gaddum Road, Didsbury, Manchester. Wagstaff, Ernest Adam, B.Sc. (Lond.), 233, Woodborough Road, Notting- ham. Walkey, Wilfrid Alan, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Anchorage, Rumney Hill, Cardiff. Ward, Angus Fitzcharles Henderson, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), Sollershott House, Letchworth, Herts. Watts, John Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Swepstone Road, Heather, nr. Leicester. Weber, John Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Cotherstone, Brighton Road, Sutton, Surrey.Wescott, Cecil Ernest Arnaud, B.Sc.(Lond.), 65, Oaklands Grove, London, w.12. White, George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Golden Hill Terrace, Leyland, Preston. Wilson, John' Alexander, B.Sc. (Lond.), 344, Boldmere Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Wilson, Matthew Sillars, Cessnock, Mill Road, Irvine, Ayr. Winn, Albert Gordon, B.Sc. (Liv.), 75, Russell Road, Sefton Park, Liver- pool. Re-elected Associates. Penney, Alfred Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 77, Ferndale Road, Gravesend. Wood, Cyril Warcup, Gifleston, Lawson Avenue, Horwich, Lancs. New Students. Baskerville, Geoffrey Thomas, 10, Ashley Avenue, Epsom, Surrey. Billingham, Albert, 55, Moat House Road, Alum Rock, Birmingham. Boon, William Robert, 76, Croham Valley Road, Selsdon, Surrey. Britton, James, 23, Broughton Road, Pendleton, nr.Manchester. Brown, Arthur Ernest Girdlestone, 16, Morton Gardens, Wallington, Surrey.Brown, William Burns, Benmore, Isaacs Hill, Barton, Torquay. 225 Calcutt, William Edwin Joseph Richard, 28, Cherryfield Avenue, Sandford Road, Dublin. Clayborn, Robert Armitage, Shirley Villas, Cleckheaton, Yorks. Cooper, Geoffrey George, 63, Victoria Road, London, E.4. Durham, Leonard, 13, Merton Road, London, S.W.18. Fleck, Harry Ronald, 41, Leithcote Gardens, London, S.W. 16. Gardner, John Baxter, 162, Dalston Road, Carlisle. Gardner, Kendrick Garry, 85, Chelmsford Road, London, N. 14. Gray, Robert Morton, 20, King’s Stables Road, Edinburgh. Haig, Keith Gordon, 9, Park Crescent, Chatham, Kent. Harrison, Jack Blatchley, Devonshire Hall, Headingley, Leeds.Hartley, Henry Eric Rogerson, 3, Oxford Road, Erdington, Birmingham. Hobbs, Frank Edward, 23, Lancaater Road, London, S.E.27. Horrod, Denis John, 647, Wilbraham Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Man- Chester. James, John Edmund, 106, Front Lane, Cranham, Essex. Jobling, Alan Vivian, Meadow Brae, Riding Mill, Northumberland. Jones, Fred, Linn O’Dee, Uttoxeter Road, Mickleover, Derby. Kingcome, John Charles, Mewstone, Searle Road, E’arnham, Surrey. Lowe, Edward Henry, 54, Muswell Avenue, London, N.lO. McIlwain, Henry, 28, Pendower Way, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Newman, Leslie William James, 9, Solent Road, London, N.W.6. Nicklin, Geoffrey David Adames, 4, Rednall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham.Pepper, William Patrick, 45, Parkhill Road, Prenton, Birkenhead.Pine, John Henry, 95, Old Dover Road, Canterbury. Pollard, William, 13, Birch Lane, Longsight, Manchester. Rigg, John Gordon, 32, Thirlmere Street, Wallasey. Rippon, Eric Stanley, 15, Napier Avenue, London, S.W.6. Saville, Frederick Clarence, 20, Belmont Hill, London, S.E. 13. Shaw, William, 8, Belgrave Street, Wallasey. Sherrard, Miss Olive Mary, 130, Wakehurst Road, London, S.W.11. Smith, Miss Elsa, 12, Park Road, Orford, nr. M‘a,rrington. Squance, Norman William, 368, Queens Road, London, W.2. Thorpe, Thomas Charles Gordon, 100, White Hart Lane, London, S.W.13. Watson, Donald Arnold, St. Margaret’s, Oakham Road, Dudley, Worcs. DEATHS. Charles Wright Meanwell.Ernest Whitworth Rowley. John Clough Thresh, M.D. (Vict.), D.Sc. (Lond.). 226 General Notices. Examinations.-Examinations for the Associateship and Fellowship will be held in September, commencing on the Izth of that month. The list of entries for these Examinations will close on Monday, the xrth July. The list of entries for the Examination for the Fellowship in Branch G, Industrial Chemistry, was closed on the 1st June; but any Associate desiring to present himself in this Branch may, up to 1st July, ascertain from the Registrar whether an application can be entertained. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1933. .The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1932, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards .-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy .Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. 227 The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated.Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than Tuesday, the zIst June. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A Medal and Prize for an essay not exceeding 3,000 words will be awarded in January 1933,and presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitior is attached. Entries are limited to Registered Students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional as opposed to technical or purely chemical impor- tance. Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared, for the present year, to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, from the professional or personal point of view, provided that it does not deal with any purely technical, chemical, or historical subject.Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible.Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists, 228 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar.The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. hlembers and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to 229 scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library.The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers’ Library.--UTith Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, a circular was issued, by direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special terms to be allowed to Fellows and Associates desiring to use Boots Booklovers’ Library. About 225 members have applied to participate in the scheme. Covers for Journal..-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS.zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides €or Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used.Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their 9ermanent addresses for registration. Warning .-Cases of impersonation of Fellows and Associates of the Institute have been reported. Appeals for charity from persons claiming to be members of the Institute should be referred to the Registrar. LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE sections. Hon. Secretarb. Aberdeen and North of Scotland: Patrick Mitchell, M.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), A.I.C., 47, Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. BirminghamandMidlands: Dr. F. W. Norris, A.R.C.S., A.I.C., 91, Witherford Way, Selly Oak, Birmingham.Bristol and South-Western A. W. M. Wintle, F.I.C., 6, Glentworth Counties: Roa<d, Redland, Bristol. Cape of Good Hope: Dr. William Pugh, B.Sc., F.I.C., The University, Cape Town. Edinburgh and East of Walter Smith, A.I.C., Castle Mills, Edinburgh. Scotland: Glasgow and West of A. R. Jamieson, B.Sc., F.I.C., 20, Trongate,Scotland: Glasgow, C. 1. Huddersfield: Dr. R. J. Connor, A.I.C., 28, Broad Lane, Dalton, Huddersfield. Ireland (Belfast) : C. S. McDowell, B.Sc., A.I.C., 19, Harberton Avenue, Belfast. ,, (Dublin): Dr. A. G. G. Leonard, F.I.C., 18, BelgraveRoad, Dublin. Leeds Area: Dr. H. Burton, M.Sc., F.I.C., The University,Leeds. Liverpool and North- W. F. Buist, B.Sc., F.I.C., Airdrie, Kilburn Western: Avenue, Eastham, Cheshire.London and South-Eastern J. R. Nicholls, B.Sc., F.I.C., c/o The Institute Counties: of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, w.c.1. Malaya : R. G. Fullerton, M.A., B.Sc., A.I.C., The Rubber Research Institute of Malaya,Kuala, Lumpur, F.M.S. Manchester and District: Dr. Albert Coulthard, F.I.C., 136, Barlow Moor Road, West Didsbury, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne and N. J. Ivison, B.Sc., A.I.C., 16, Ettrick Grove, North-Eaat Coast : Sunderland. New Zealmd: W. Rest Mummery, F.I.C., Box 2, Aramoho, Wanganui, New Zealand. South Wales: R. H. Jones, A.I.C., Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea. ADVERTISEMENTS. JOURNAL AND PRocEEDINas.-The terms for advertisements in the Journal and Proceedings of the Institute can be obtained on application to the Registrar.Advertisements are subject to the approval of the Publications Committee. No Commission is allowed to Agents.The circulation is over 670khiefly to analytical, consulting and technological chemists, professors and teachers of chemistry, and to University and Institution Libraries. The advertisement pages are offered especially to manufacturers of laboratory glassware, porcelain and silica ware, of filter paper, chemical and physical apparatus, balances, microscopes, and laboratory require- ments generally; also to publishers of scientifio books and to booksellem.