ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program following critical illness to aid physical and psychological recovery.DesignRandomized controlled trial, blind at follow-up with final assessment at 6 months.SettingTwo district general hospitals and one teaching hospital.PatientsPatients were 126 consecutively admitted intensive care patients meeting the inclusion criteria.InterventionsControl patients received ward visits, three telephone calls at home, and clinic appointments at 8 wks and 6 months. Intervention patients received the same plus a 6-wk self-help rehabilitation manual.Measurements and Main ResultsWe measured levels of depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), phobic symptoms (Fear Index), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms (Impact of Events Scale), and scores on the Short-Form Health Survey physical dimension 8 wks and 6 months after intensive care unit (ICU) treatment. Memory for ICU was assessed at 2 wks post-ICU discharge using the ICU Memory Tool.The intervention group improved, compared with the control patients, on the Short-Form Health Survey physical function scores at 8 wks and 6 months (p= .006), and there was a trend to a lower rate of depression at 8 wks (12% vs. 25%). However, there were no differences in levels of anxiety and PTSD-related symptoms between the groups. The presence of delusional memories was correlated significantly with both anxiety and Impact of Events Scale scores.ConclusionsA self-help rehabilitation manual is effective in aiding physical recovery and reducing depression. However, in those patients recalling delusional memories from the ICU, further psychological care may be needed to reduce the incidence of anxiety and PTSD-related symptoms.