Since the days of the highly flammable celluloid collar, many people have been searching for ways to fireproof synthetic elastomeric and plastic materials. Thus the patent literature discloses numerous examples of chemical agents claiming to make plastics flame-resistant. Many new polymers have also been developed that do not burn or are self-extinguishing after the igniting force has been removed. As a result, the use of polymeric materials, particularly by government agencies and industry, in applications such as structural components, adhesives, flexible sealants, electrical insulation, and fibers has grown enormously in recent years. However, serious fires in commercial buildings, homes, ships, and a space vehicle have again created much concern over the possible role that plastics might have played in these conflagrations. In addition, more attention is being given to the amount of smoke and toxic fumes that are evolved during the combustion of polymers. It is the object of this article to review and discuss the developments in this field during the past 2 years.