Posttransplantation liver disease due to non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients. The cloning of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is the major cause of parenterally transmitted NANBH, and the development of tests to detect HCV infection have shed light on the prevalence, transmission, and natural course of HCV infection. This review discusses the influence of this information on transplantation policies.