Statistical spectral analysis is much like a Model II analysis of variance in that the total variability of a data set is broken down into a number of components, the amount of variability associated with various bands of frequencies. Using the spectral density, it is possible to define a collection of what we shall call harmonic variance components. It is hoped that harmonic variance components will make the interpretation and analysis of spectra somewhat easier for those who are familiar with the ANOVA techniques, but have done little work in spectral analysis. In this paper it will be shown that an ANOVA model may be stated in terms of harmonic variance components. It will also be shown that while the variance components obtained from the ANOVA and the harmonic variance components obtained from the spectral density are not numerically equal, they may be transformed one into the other if the ANOVA assumptions are valid. The relationship between the two sets of components may be used to check on the validity of the ANOVA model.