摘要:

Life event and symptom severity data were obtained from both a community and a hospital population approximately 6 months following initial study contact. The relationship between adversity and symptoms was then explored using a model in which the stressful impact of life events was assumed to decay with the passage of time. The period of decay of event stress was allowed to vary. The results demonstrated that a maximal association between the measure of residual adversity based upon the decay model, and symptomatic disability could thus be obtained. Variation Within and between the sampled populations, revealed by the analyses, in terms of their respective maximising decay periods may act as potential indicators of differences in the ability of those populations to cope with and adapt to adversity.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00774.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

EEG and EMG were monitored simultaneously at 72 ECT sessions in 18 patients. When EMG was recorded from the leg the duration of EMG curve convulsions varied between 43 and 89 % of the EEG recorded seizure duration of the same fit. The EMG/EEG seizure ratio varied widely among different patients as well as within the single patient during a series of ECT sessions. EMG recording from the masseter muscles showed EMG seizure duration to be more in accordance with the EEG seizure duration than EMG recordings from the leg. The EMG/EEG seizure ratio (masseter) varied from 65 to 100 %, which was significantly higher than the EMG/EEG seizure ratio obtained with EMG recorded from the calf muscles.The use of EEG monitoring of ECT is advocated in order to obtain the most precise evaluation of the cerebral seizure activity. If EEG monitoring is not available EMG recorded from the masseter muscles provides a reasonably accurate and easily applicable method of monitoring the presence and duration of the ECT‐induced seizur

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00775.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes the social results of a randomized controlled trial of briefversusstandard hospitalization for acute psychiatric inpatients. All the data reported were obtained through the use of a new semi‐structured standardized interview schedule, The Patient Behaviour Assessment Schedule (PBAS). Overall, there were no significant differences between groups in the extent of Objective Burden and Subjective Distress experienced by the informant's household. The groups were differentiated, however, on a number of individual items. At the 2‐week evaluation Brief Care informants expressed more distress than Standard Care informants arising out of the patient's slowness, but were less distressed by the effect of the patient's behaviour on their work performance. At the follow‐up interview Standard Care informants were more affected in their social life and pursuit of leisure activities, while expressing less distress as a result of the patient's overdependence. The sensitivity of the PBAS Distress Scales is demonstrated by comparing the informant's differential emotional response to role and non‐role aspects of the patient's behaviour at different points

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00776.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The literature concerning appetite and weight changes in depressive illness is reviewed. Diminished appetite and weight loss have for about 100 years been regarded as prominent symptoms of depressive illness. A tendency for some depressives to gain weight has also been recognized. About 85 % of depressives lose weight and 15 % gain weight. There appears to be a tendency for weight gain to be commoner in milder depressions. Carbohydrate craving is also described in association with some depressed states.The neurochemical control of appetite in health is surveyed. Norepinephrine appears to be necessary for the intake of food, and drugs which raise intrasynaptic levels of norepinephrine stimulate feeding. Serotonin seems to be associated with satiety and in experimental animals decreased intrasynaptic levels of serotonin produce carbohydrate hunger.The neurochemical control of appetite is discussed in relation to the amine theories of depression. A number of hypotheses are drawn from this discussion.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00777.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hypothesis that flupenthixol decanoate may serve as an alter‐native to prophylactically administered lithium in recurrent manicdepressive illness, bipolar and unipolar type, was tested in two groups of patients. In Group I the patients were allocated randomly to maintenance treatment with either lithium or flupenthixol decanoate. The patients in Group II had previously been given lithium and were switched to flupenthixol decanoate because of unsatisfactory prophylactic effect of lithium, doubtful tablet compliance, troublesome side effects, or fear of later harmful effects. The flupenthixol decanoate dosage was 20 mg every 2–3 weeks. The study was not blind.In Group I neither lithium treatment (14 patients) nor treatment with flupenthixol decanoate (19 patients) led to a significant fall of mean episode frequency or mean per cent time ill. The reasons for this lack of response are not clear, but prognostically negative selection of the patients presumably took place before and possibly also during the hospitalization. Since absent effects cannot be compared, this part of the trial remains inconclusive.In Group II (93 patients) treatment with flupenthixol decanoate was associated with significant falls of the frequency of manic episodes and per cent time ill in mania and with significant rises of the frequency of depressive episodes and per cent time ill in depression. Increase of depressive morbidity was seen only in patients who had been given lithium during the pre‐trial period and was presumably a result of the discontinuation of lithium.It is not known whether flupenthixol decanoate is of value in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent manic‐depressive illness, but the drug may be worth trying in patients whose disease is dominated more by manic than by depressive recurrences and who do not respond to lithium or do not tolerate it or do not

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00778.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐three depressed patients were treated with antidepressant drugs or ECT. Thirteen of the depressions were clinically of the endogenous type, and all these patients responded well to therapy. Ten patients suffered from atypical depressions; of these only seven reacted favourably to therapy. EEG showed that patients who were cured had short REM latencies, whereas the three patients who did not respond in a satisfactory way had long REM latencies. These findings suggest that in depressions duration of REM latency may be correlated to respond to antidepressant therap

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00779.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1971–1972 a systematic, representative sample of 70‐year‐olds living in Gothenburg, Sweden, was studied. The study included a psychiatric examination, during which the subjects were questioned concerning important aspects of their life history, and mental symptoms during the previous month. Any mental signs observed were recorded. Symptoms and signs were rated on rating scales, and summed up in diagnoses. The subjects also filled in three different personality inventories. The examination was performed in 166 men and 226 women. In 1976–1977 we ascertained from parish records which subjects had died before reaching the age of 75. Thirty‐two men and 23 women had died. Associations between the psychiatric variables and mortality were studied.There was a positive association in men between mortality and organic psycho‐syndromes. There was a positive, but nonsignificant association with indications of previous alcohol abuse. There was no association with anxiety, depressive and obsessive compulsive neuroses or with personality deviations and few associations with personality dimensions and psychogenic needs. There was a positive association in married men between mortality and early cessation of sexual intercourse. There was also a positive association in men between mortality and loss of parents by death before th

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00780.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms were compared in a double‐blind study with 68 hospitalized patients. Target withdrawal symptoms, the patient's subjective feeling and unwanted effects were recorded daily during the 1 week‐treatment period. No significant differences between the two treatments could be demonstrated in the parameters studied. It appears that carbamazepine, which is widely used as an antiepileptic drug, well tolerated and not likely to produce any addiction as such, might offer a valuable alternative treatment for the symptoms of alcohol withdra

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00781.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a double‐blind, cross‐over trial, triazolam (0.25 mg) was tested against flunitrazepam (1 mg) in the typical midwinter insomnia which is often seen among otherwise healthy people in Northern Norway. Each drug was given for five nights, in random order, with a five‐night placebo period between the active drugs (providing for a single blind comparison with placebo). A total of 22 outpatients started the trial; 19 completed. There were highly significant differences between each active drug and placebo on the subjectively scored variables sleep latency, duration of sleep, and total evaluation of sleep, and also significant differences for feeling in the morning, number of awakenings, and quality of sleep; all differences were in favour of the active drugs. Generally, the sleep variables were rated on the same level in the placebo period as they were for the last five nights prior to the trial.There were no significant differences between triazolam and flunitrazepam on any variable. However, eight patients stated a preference for triazolam and eight for flunitrazepam. These two groups of patients did not differ significantly with regard to sex, age, previous use of hypnotics, or severity of insomnia.Only three patients complained about side effects. Notably, the feeling of being alert and refreshed in the morning was significantly superior in the active drug periods as against the placebo period.It is concluded that both active drugs were highly effective, with a minimum of side effects, in this type of insomnia and with the relatively low dosage

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00782.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire survey among Chinese psychiatrists in June 1980 revealed that lithium treatment is being used in a little over half of the Chinese psychiatric hospitals, mainly for the treatment of mania and schizo‐affective illness and only to a limited extent prophylactically. The relatively restricted use of lithium as yet may be due to infrequency of the diagnosis of mania, to fear of toxicity, and to lack of laboratory facilities for monitoring serum lithium level

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00783.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY