摘要:

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of depression by sex, age and certain sociodemographic variables was investigated in a sample of elderly Finns (60 years or over) living in the semi‐industrialized municipality of Ähtäri (n= 1529). The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, depressive symptoms were screened with the Zung Self‐rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). In the second phase, persons scoring ≥ 40 points in the ZSDS and a random sample of persons scoring<40 ZSDS points were examined by a general practitioner. The prevalence of depression was determined on the basis of DSM‐III criteria. The estimated prevalence for men was 22.4%, and for women 29.7%. The estimated prevalence for different categories of depression was as follows: dysthymic disorder, men 17.2% and women 22.9%; major depression, men 2.6% and women 4.5%; atypical depression, men 2.2% and women 2.5%; and cyclothymic disorder, men 0.4% and women 0%. No cases of bipolar disorder were found. A high risk of depression was associated with female sex, widowhood and being in long‐term institutional care or receiving home nursing and/or home help. The occurrence of depression was not related to age, education or

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe promise of adopting a valid and reliable tool for diagnosing addiction‐related problems is offered by the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Socially determined admissions and poor treatment facilities may have biased the representativeness of our sample, though methodological difficulties were minimal. The ASI was used to evaluate 120 hospitalized addicts in Kuwait's only addiction unit, categorized according to their primary drug of abuse: 61% were alcoholics and 39% drug addicts. Examination of ASI composite scores showed no difference between the two patient groups except in their corresponding problem area of substance abuse. ASI composite scores were similar to the interviewer's severity ratings. Intercorrelations between scores for different problem areas were low. The validity of ASI in diagnosing these problems was unquestionable, but the cross‐cultural significance of some problem areas is doubt

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the extent to which alcohol consumption is associated with casualties in a country in which alcohol is prohibited religiously and culturally. Selective screening of particular casualty groups by blood test established qualitative evidence of alcohol use in 107 out of 1058 patients (10%) examined at a general hospital and a traumatology hospital in Kuwait. The rate of alcohol‐associated casualty was significantly higher in traumatology hospital patients (15%) than in general hospital (7%), stressing the association between alcohol and tauma. Absence of differences by place of casualty disproves lay beliefs that motor vehicle casualty is the major alcohol‐associated risk in Kuwait. Other casualties, particularly work and domestic injuries, should be regarded as being affected by alcohol consumption. Statistically significant high alcohol‐associated casualty rates characterized Kuwaitis (14%), the unemployed/retired (20%) and coma cases (22%) suggesting that these categories may suffer from serious alcohol pro

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSince 1979, patients started on long‐term lithium treatment at the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov have been followed systematically with recording of clinical and laboratory variables before the start of treatment, after 6 and 12 months of treatment, and thereafter at yearly intervals. By June 1987, 480 examinations had been carried out before the start of lithium treatment, 236 after treatment for 6 months, and decreasing numbers up to 7 years of lithium treatment. The total lithium exposure time was 548 years. The mean lithium dose was 23.2 mmol/d and the mean serum lithium concentration 0.68 mmol/1. These values are about 30% lower than the corresponding values in patients given lithium treatment prior to 1979. About one half of the patients who had gone through the pre‐lithium examinations did not reach the 6‐month examination. This was because they did not start lithium, or because they stopped it again before 6 months of treatment or before they had reached that point. Thereafter there was a drop‐out rate of about 25% per year during the first 2 years of lithium treatment and about 10% per year after 4–5 years of treatment. More men than women left t

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA cohort of manic‐depressive patients given prophylactic lithium treatment were examined before treatment started and at intervals during treatment for up to 7 years. The mean lithium dosage was 23.2 mmol/d and the mean serum lithium concentration 0.68 mmol/1. The treatment did not affect glomerulus function. Urine volume rose by 10–20% and renal concentrating ability fell by 7–10% during the treatment. These changes were markedly smaller than those found in patients treated previously with higher lithium doses and serum lithium concentrations. High urine volumes and low renal concentrating abilities were not more frequent during than before lithium treatment. Complaints of increased thirst, frequent urination, and nycturia were presented more often during than before lithium treatment. Serum concentrations, urinary excretions and renal clearances of sodium and potassium were not altered by the trea

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA cohort of manic‐depressive patients given prophylactic lithium treatment were examined before treatment started and at intervals during treatment for up to 7 years. The mean lithium dosage was 23.2 mmol/d and the mean serum lithium concentration 0.68 mmol/1. About 40% of the patients were entirely free of side effects, as compared with 10% among patients treated previously with higher lithium doses and serum lithium concentrations. Tremor complaints were presented by 5% of the patients before and by 15% during lithium treatment. The frequency fell with continued treatment, and after a few years it was not higher than before treatment started. Tremor complaints were positively correlated with age and with the use of neuroleptics and antidepressants. The tremorigenic effects of lithium and antidepressants seemed to potentiate each other. Tremor complaints were more frequent at serum lithium levels over than under 0.7 mmol/1. Body weight increased during the first 1–2 years of lithium treatment and then remained constant. The average gain was 4 kg. Weight gain was positively correlated with the patients’ body weight before treatment and with the concurrent administration of antidepressant drugs. The frequency of diarrhea complaints (loose stools, defecation urge) rose from 1% to 6% during the first 6 months of lithium treatment and then leveled off. The frequency rose steeply at serum lithium values over 0.8 mmol/1.During lithium administration about one tenth of the patients had psychological complaints, which might or might not have been caused by the treatment: memory impairment and concentrating difficulty, tiredness and “greyness of life”, in a few cases altered taste or lowered libido an

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAlthough prolactin (PRL) responses to thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) have been described by many investigators, PRL secretion after insulin stimulation has rarely been documented in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). We investigated PRL responses to TRH (500 μg) and insulin (0.1 U/kg) in 19 women with AN and 10 normal women. Levels of PRL stimulation at 60 min and later following insulin administration were significantly lower in AN than in normal women. PRL increased by at least 10 μg/ml after insulin in 42% of women with AN and in 70% of normal women. The maximum PRL increase (max Δ PRL) did not differ after the two stimulations in the normal women. However, in AN, the max Δ PRL after insulin stimulation (17.2 ± 4.0 μg/1, mean ± SEM) was significantly lower than that after TRH (49.1 ± 6.4 μg/1). These findings suggest that anorectic women may have a disturbance in hypothalamic functions. Insulin‐induced hypoglycemia is useful to determine the integrity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis for PRL secretion, in combination with T

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between alcoholism and depression by means of the personality traits interpersonal dependency and self‐esteem. In a sample of 52 alcoholics that met Feighner's criteria for primary alcoholism, the subjects were assessed by means of the Zung Depression Self‐rating Scale, the Hirschfeld Interpersonal Dependency Scale and the 23‐item version of the Janis&Field Self‐esteem Scale by Rimée&Leyens. By means of the score on the Zung scale the subjects were divided into depressive vs. non‐depressive alcoholics. There were no intergroup differences in interpersonal dependency. However, the depressive alcoholics scored significantly lower on the self‐esteem scale. The authors suggest that the level of self‐esteem in alcoholics is a function of secondary depression, whereas the interpersonal dependency might be influenced by the pathological dr

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn 35 patients with Alzheimer's presenile disease (AD), 56 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), 54 patients with vascular dementia (VD) and 10 patients with confusional states, age, vitamin B12in serum, P‐folate, B‐folate and B‐Hb were investigated. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5‐hydroxyin‐doleacetic acid and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol were measured. Group differences showed that vitamin B12levels were reduced in the group of patients with confusional states and SDAT. Five out of ten and 13 out of 56 (respectively) had vitamin B12concentrations below the lower limit of the reference value (130 pmol/1). A negative correlation was found between B12levels and platelet MAO activity. The findings indicate that there is a subgroup of patients with late‐onset dementia that has low vitamin B12blood concentrations. HVA levels in CSF, usually found to be reduced in AD patients, were normal

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTKhat is a plant whose leaves are chewed for their stimulating effect. This effect is attributed to cathinone, an alkaloid identical to dextroamphetamine. Khat chewing is widespread among eastern African and Yemenite populations and is believed to be innocuous. Our experience shows, however, that a substantial number of chronic khat chewers experience persistent hypnagogic hallucinations ‐ a symptom that has not yet been described. Three vignettes illustrates this phenomena, which often interferes with psychiatric diagnosis. Different explanatory models are discussed, among them chronic suppression of REM slee

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY