摘要:

This is a summary of research studies indicating a primary role of psychotherapy in the etiology of certain sleep disorders. Thus, chronic insomnia is associated with high levels of psychopathology and a personality profile characterized by internalization of emotions. Also, a greater number of stressful life events occurs at the year of onset of insomnia. Two additional sleep disorders (sleepwalking and night terrors in adults) are similarly associated with high levels of psychopathology. Although these two disorders share many common clinical and physiological characteristics, their psychological profiles and psychopathological correlates differ considerably. Sleepwalkers show a high incidence of personality disorders with generally active, outward behavioral patterns, whereas night terror sufferers are mostly anxious, depressed and phobic with an inhibition of outward expression of aggression. Based on these research findings a series of therapeutic recommendations is presented for the effective management of patients with insomnia, sleepwalking or night terrors.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00862.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A community based research project was undertaken to discover whether early mother separation was related to adult mental disorder. A population sample of 73 women aged 40–49, who experienced continuous mother absences in excess of 1 year due either to family difficulties (n= 42) or external factors (n= 31), were interviewed about early life experiences and mental health. Controls (n= 69) matched for parental social class and age at father death were similarly interviewed. Three self‐administered tests, the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, a modified Zung Depression Scale and the Navran Dependency Scale of the MMPI were also completed.It was shown that separation alone was unrelated to adult psychopathology or mental disorder. Poor preseparation maternal relationships, both alone and in combination with two or more changes of care plus unsatisfactory replacement care, contributed to an increase in psychiatric morbidity and psychopathol

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00863.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Evidence has been obtained by computed tomography (CT) that some chronic schizophrenic patients have enlarged cerebral ventricles and other brain abnormalities when compared to other patient groups and to healthy controls (Johnstone et al.(1976),Weinberger et al.(1979)). In order to investigate whether structural brain abnormalities can be demonstrated also in younger patients with acute psychosis we have undertaken a CT study in 46 patients and 46 healthy volunteers. Twenty‐eight of the patients fulfilled the Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia. Nineteen had not been hospitalized for psychiatric reasons before.The lateral and third ventricles were significantly wider in the patients than in the volunteers. In the volunteers there was a significant positive correlation between age and size of the lateral ventricles, whereas in the patients, particularly those fulfilling the criteria for schizophrenia, no such correlation was obtained. These results indicate that schizophrenia may be associated with pathophysiological processes which interfere with the normal age‐related enlargement of the ventricles. Signs of cortical atrophy, CSF circulation disturbances and reversed asymmetry of the occipital lobes were more frequent in the patient group than among the controls. These results are in accordance with previously published findings and indicate that structural brain abnormalities can be found in relatively young patients with acute psycho

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00864.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐three depressive inpatients and the same number of matched non‐psychiatric controls were examined on three occasions ‐ following admission, 14 days after, and 28 days after the admission ‐ by administering a self‐rating questionnaire of time awareness and Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression (HRS). The patients were found to feel time passing slowly. This was correlated with the severity of depression expressed as the total HRS score. No significant differences emerged between diagnostic groups, namely endogenous depression, neurotic depression, and schizophrenia or paranoid state with depressive symptoms. Correlations of the time awareness with symptoms listed in the HRS also denied a specific relationship of time awareness to specific diagnoses. The subjective feeling of slow time flow reflects, therefore, the depth of depressive state in general, which is nevertheless not specific to any diagnostic su

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00865.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A total of 413 school students were taken ill with symptoms from an alleged poisonous gas affecting two different geographic locations at the same time and without influencing the residents in the neighbourhood. Symptoms were mainly subjective and almost all were discharged from hospital the same day. Vigorous endeavours by authorities had failed to discover the offending agent.By the use of epidemiological methods, the present study attempted to investigate the nature of and the significant contributing factors related to the episode. The psychological nature was confirmed both by demonstration of positive characteristics as well as by the exclusion of organicity.There was no direct evidence that teachers, headmasters, parents or the mass media had significant influence on the aetiology of the epidemic, albeit their influence could still be an indirect one. Regarding symptom formation, there was evidence that peer influences were more important than an individual's own previous experiences.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00866.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A double blind retrospective study was carried out on a sample of children who were affected in a mysterious gas poisoning epidemic together with controls drawn from the same school. The dependent measures employed were the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ), a Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (HSC), Heart Rate (HR) and Skin Potential Response (SPR). A vigilance task was administered during assessment of the latter two variables. The affected children had significantly higher HR together with a marginal increase in SPR. It is proposed that constitutional factors play an important role in determining whether an individual is affected in such an epidemic.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00867.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Psychiatric patients (n= 107) and normal subjects (n= 100) were exposed to seven newly composed pieces of music orchestrated for a small symphony orchestra. The patients were divided into seven subgroups: schizophrenic, depressive and manic psychosis; obsessive, depressive, anxiety and hysterical neurosis. All subjects rated the music on semantic differential scales describing three factors of emotional experience: tension‐relaxation, gaiety‐gloom and attraction‐repulsion. The ratings by patients in the different groups were compared with those by the normal subjects. Expressiveness in music was found to be communicated to patients in the same relative way as to normals. However, in the various diagnostic groups, several marked differences in experience were demonstrated. The main findings were that schizophrenic psychotics experienced the music as more attractive, while depressive and anxiety neurotics experienced it as less attractive, than normals. Depressive and manic psychotics experienced the music as less gay. Obsessive neurotics seem to be more sensitive to tension in music than no

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00868.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY