摘要:

ABSTRACT—Our purpose has been to verify whether and in what way female autonomy may contribute to change the importance of variables once seeming to influence the suicide of Portuguese women. The suicide rates in both sexes in Portugal and the district and city of Lisbon (the capital of the district) was surveyed from 1950 to 1968 and from 1969 to 1983, over the decades of the 1950's, 60's and 70's and the period 1980‐83 and related to age, seasons, marital status, and number of children of married women. Since 1977, female suicide rates have risen significantly in Portugal and the district of Lisbon, both in total and in age groups which are professionally active; unmarried, and married and childless women achieve more. The rising trend of suicides in spring and summer is confirmed and resembles the male seasonal variation. The growing independence of Portuguese women is still not widely reflected in their suicide rates, but it seems plausible to anticipate that, without the reality of children, women's rates would gradually approach those of

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02800.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—In 34 patients with primary, major depressive disorder, randomly assigned to bilateral or right unilateral ECT, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed prior and following seizure induction at every treatment. In contrast to prior reports, no cumulative pattern was observed in HR or BP changes as a function of treatment number. Generally, treatment variables, including ECT modality (bilateral vs. unilateral), anesthetic agent (methohexital vs. pentothal), and prior subconvulsive stimulation in a session, had no effects on the magnitude of peak postictal increases in HR or BP. The peak changes were also unrelated to the history of cardiac illness, remission of depressive symptomatology, patient seizure threshold and patient seizure duration. Pre‐treatment HR was strongly predictive of peak postictal change in both HR and BP, while pretreatment BP was not. Patients with high pre‐ECT HR had smaller peak postictal HR and BP increases. The findings suggested that low dosage, titrated ECT has HR and BP effects similar to traditional high dosage techniques, and that pre‐treatment HR is the best predictor of these

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02801.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—Variability of age at onset in affective disorder is a complex event where several variables play a role, resulting in a detectable observed distribution which can be viewed as related to the structural mechanism of the disease. To confirm previous results on factors affecting the distribution of onset in affective disorders, we studied its distribution pattern in two different populations, Italian and Swedish, with an analytic approach that does not require specifications of anya priorihypothesis. The findings in this study, however, tend to confirm the biological nature of the age of onset phenomenon and to exclude cultural determinants. On the other hand, it does not exclude that other factors, not considered in this study, may be operating. This result is very important under the hypothesis of a genetic ethiopathogenesis of affective disorders, and some of its implications are discusse

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02802.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—Interviews were conducted with 21 patients classified as neurotic or prepsychotic/psychotic, consecutively admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) owing to suicide attempts by means of drug intoxication, with their 37 significant others and with care personnel concerning the patients' contacts with psychiatric, somatic or social care institutions before their suicide attempts. Nineteen patients came into contact with public care institutions between 1 and 6 months before attempting suicide; of these. 11 had contacts with psychiatric departments. Nine patients ‐ chiefly those who were prepsychotic/psychotic ‐ were in contact with public care institutions during the last 7 days before attempting suicide; of these, six had contacts with psychiatric departments. The neurotic patients' suicidal thoughts were seldom expressed in the contacts with care personnel, who consequently seldom noticed their suicidal tendencies. Contacts served to alleviate and lend structure to the patients' anxiety, promoted the mobilisation of their defences and temporarily concealed their hopelessness, depression and suicidal impulses. The personnel misinterpreted the patients' defences and considered the patients to be non‐suicidal, capable and even strong. The prepsychotic/psychotic patients usually expressed suicidal thoughts in the form of indirect, non‐verbal suicidal communication which was difficult to understand: it was recognised as such by their regular therapists, but seldom by staff who were unfamiliar with the patients. Consequently, suicidal risks were usually not recognised in emergency situations. The reasons why none of the significant others sought contact with public care institutions are

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02803.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—Many studies show a higher rate of birth of schizophrenic patients during the winter and early spring months. This is particularly prominent in studies involving northern European countries and the northern part of the United States. The interpretations for this apparent seasonality remain highly speculative. We examined the seasons of birth of 472 patients carrying the diagnosis of schizophrenia. We also studied the gender and paranoid vs nonparanoid subtypes of this subject group. The total group does not show an excess of winter births. The same is true for total male (n= 193) and total female (n= 279) schizophrenic patients. The different subtypes of female patients show a homogenous distribution by seasons of birth; but the male paranoid schizophrenia group (n= 102) shows a significant increase of births during the first quarter of the year. The findings are interpreted according to the prevailing hypotheses of schizophrenia. The implications of these findings are discusse

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—Seventy‐five outpatients with major depressive disorder (RDC) were randomly referred to treatment with a dominant serotonin (5‐HT) reuptake blocker (zimeldine, 100 mg, b.i.d.n= 40) or a dominant noradrenaline (NA) reuptake blocker (maprotiline, 75 mg, b.i.d.n= 35). Seven patients on each drug were non‐responders after up to 4 weeks of treatment and were after a washout week crossed over to the other drug for up to another 8 weeks of treatment. There was a significant and similar improvement after 4 weeks of treatment with the second drug. After up to 8 weeks of treatment all patients but one in each group were much improved with the second drug. The existence of two biochemical subgroups of depression is di

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02805.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—Twenty persons with schizophrenia were identified in a community sample of 2144 adult household residents interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The hierarchy‐free lifetime prevalence for a variety of psychiatric disorders is compared in those with and without schizophrenia. Those with schizophrenia were found to have increased chances of having other disorders, all except one having had at least one other disorder. Major depressive episodes, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, alcohol abuse/dependence and drug abuse/dependence, each occurred in over half of the schizophrenics, and panic disorder, antisocial personality, and mania were each found in one sixth to one quarter of the schizophrenics.Although current diagnostic systems generally lack an empirical basis for hierarchies, the practical significance of co‐morbidity must be determined from outcome studies, familial morbid risk data and possible differential effects of treat

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02806.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—The prevalence of Schneiderian first‐rank symptoms (FRS) in 294 consecutive admissions to a research unit was evaluated with reference to their diagnostic distribution (SADS/RDC). Thirty‐five of 58 patients with schizophrenia had FRS, as compared to nine of 190 patients with major depressive disorder. All patients with two or more FRS received a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the absence of organic or toxic etiology, the specificity of FRS for schizophrenia was 95% and their predictive value was 90%. These findings indicate that FRS should be regarded as strongly suggestive of schizophrenia in the absence of an organic syn

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02807.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—In a follow‐up study of 55 female alcoholics, 44 women (80%) were interviewed on an average of 6.5 years after treatment. According to the reported quantity and frequency of drinking the year prior to follow‐up, eight women (18%) were classified as abstainers, nine (20%) as light drinkers, ten (22%) as moderate drinkers, and 17 (39%) as heavy drinkers. In a longitudinal perspective, four main patterns of outcome could be discriminated: long‐term abstinence, short‐term abstinence intermingled with drinking, asymptomatic drinking and continuous heavy drinking. Most of the asymptomatic drinkers reported a consumption of very small amounts of alcohol, avoiding becoming intoxicated. Those women who reported consumption of more than 2/3 of a bottle of spirits on any single drinking day or consumed more than 7 liters of pure alcohol annually, usually satisfied the DSM‐III criteria for alcohol abuse or alcohol

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02808.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT—Autoprotective efforts of schizophrenics have hardly been systematically investigated until now, although the role of coping processes in regard to numerous psychic disorders is increasingly recognized. The investigation of autoprotective efforts, however, is of special significance in view of the different current formulations of thevulnerability stress concept of schizophrenia. Thus thecognitive disordersin the sense ofinformation processing deficitsamong schizophrenics deserve our special attention, since they are described consistently as vulnerability characteristics and as cause of a heightened susceptibility to stress, and since they can be considered an explanatory basis for a wide range ofsubjectively experienced basic disordersof schizophrenia. In the present study the two disorder dimensions and the corresponding autoprotective efforts were investigated among 60 schizophrenic patients, 30 neurotic patients and 30 healthy controls. The schizophrenic patients had both significantly more experimental psychologically operationalized dysfunctions in information processing and subjectively experienced basic disorders. However, we found no correlation between the two levels of investigation. This may mainly be attributed to the fact that on the level of subjective experience the primary disorder, the perception of the disorder and the individual response to the disorder cannot be differentiated unequivocally. All of the schizophrenic patients reported consciously performed autoprotective efforts in regard to basic disorders. In this connection it is of interest that the schizophrenic patients had a significantly higher percentage of problem solving oriented attempts in comparison with the two non‐schizophrenic comparison groups, and that this percentage even increased by a progressive amount of disorders. The schizophrenic patients experienced basic disorders with much more emotional tension and existential, ego‐threatening anxiety. They were interpreted by the schizophrenic patients as danger signals, by the neurotic patients, however, predominantly as concomitant symptoms of their neurosis, whereas healthy persons comprehended them within the framework of ordinary psychological explanatory models. The relevance of these results in regard to further research in autoprotective efforts of schizophrenic patients and in their possible therapeutic implications is disc

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02809.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY