摘要:

ABSTRACT–A double‐blind, randomized study was carried out on the side effects of disulfiram in 241 men and women with alcohol abuse. Of the 158 patients completing the study, 83 received disulfiram and 75 placebo. Each patient was questioned on side effects after a 2‐week wash‐out period and thereafter once a week during the 6‐week treatment period. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, apart from over‐representation of complaints of sexual problems in the placebo group. The patients who dropped out of the study were equally distributed between the two groups with regard to the number, diagnosis, and reasons for d

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02496.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–Prediction of 5–8 year outcome from presenting symptoms and background data was attempted in a sample of 110 firstadmitted schizophrenics. Correlations between outcome criteria and single predictors as well as factor analytically derived clusters of predictors were studied. A rather consistent pattern of symptom variables as well as personality and social variables was found to be predictive of outcome. ‘Atypical’ symptoms were associated with good prognosis while longitudinal variables indicative of ‘high‐risk personality', or duration and severity of illness, were related to bad prognosis. Overt psychotic symptoms usually gave no correlations with outcome. A discriminant analytical approach was also used to predict outcome from combinations of predictor variables. When all variables were used to predict a combined outcome score, a high accuracy w

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02497.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–Several reports in the literature suggest that schizophrenic patients are disproportionately born during the colder months compared to the general population. In this study, we report differences in the seasonality of birth between the subtypes of chronic schizophrenia, particularly when gender is considered. Cold months’ births (December to March) are most likely in nonparanoid females and paranoid males. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed in light of genetic and environmental factors in schizophre

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02498.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–One hundred and three phobic women not suitable for insight‐oriented psychotherapy were randomized to either therapistdirected prolonged exposure therapy (PE), supportive therapy of dynamic type (ST), relaxation therapy (R), or basal therapy (B). Immediately after seeing their therapist for history taking and beginning of treatment, the patients were asked to report their experience of the therapist, of themselves in relation to the therapist, and of the therapy (Experience of Therapy Inventory, ETI). The patients were informed that the therapists would not see the ETI. The patients were rated by an independent rater with regard to symptoms and functions at the beginning of treatment, at termination of treatment 3 months later, and at a follow‐up 1 year after the commencement of the study.1) Patients treated with PE and R were more satisfied with their therapists than patients treated with ST or B. The PE patients considered their therapists provided better contact, were more assured and knowledgeable, and gave what seemed to be the correct therapy, the R patients considered their therapist showed more warmth. Both PE and R patients felt their therapists were more interested than the ST and B therapists. These differences were probably due to differences in the amount of time offered, in the attitudes of the therapists, and in the characteristics of the therapies. 2) In the PE group there were positive associations between outcome and the initial experience of the therapist. There is, thus, empirical evidence that a good therapist‐patient relation is of importance to a good outcome in this type of behaviour therapy. In the ST group there was an association between a good outcome and a positive experience of the rather conflict‐centred beginning of the procedure. A positive experience of a conflict‐centred approach may thus be regarded as an indication for dyna

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02499.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–The associations between prognostic factors and outcome with four treatment methods for phobic disorders were studied in 103 women. The prognostic factors were sociodemographic, intelligence, personality, early interpersonal relations, aspects of previous and current mental disorder, and intensity of symptoms at start of treatment. All patients received basal therapy, which implied information, advice on exposurein vivo, and anxiolytics. One group received this treatment only (B), while others received supplementary treatment, with therapist‐directed prolonged exposurein vivo(PE), supportive therapy (ST) of dynamic type, or relaxation (R). The patients were treated for 3 months, with a 9‐month follow‐up period. Factors associated with a better outcome were: PE: greater needs for succourance and lower avoidance; ST: higher social class, better relations between parents and with father during childhood, inner conflicts as cause, and lower levels of free anxiety; R: satisfaction with contact when aged 15, bereavement as a cause, and lower levels of several symptoms; B: greater needs for order, stress at the onset, shorter duration and satisfaction with work. There were thus interactions between prognostic factors and type of treatment. The prognostic factors should be taken into account in the choice and design of tr

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–Suitability for insight‐oriented psychotherapy comprises many factors that may have a positive relation to outcome in individual psychotherapy. We wanted to test the hypothesis that patients suitable for insight‐oriented psychotherapy (I patients) improve more than not‐suitable patients (NI patients) in non‐dynamic therapies. Pairs of phobic female NI and I patients were formed with age, type of phobia, global rating of severity, therapist and type of therapy as matching variables. All women received a simple basal therapy in the form of standardized information, self‐exposure instructions and anxiolytic medication. Six pairs received this treatment only, six pairs in addition received relaxation therapy and nine pairs in addition received therapist‐directed prolonged exposurein vivo.The patients were rated with regard to symptoms and functions at the start of the treatment, at the termination of treatment 3 months later, and at a 1 year follow up. NI patients were less often married, had a longer duration of their phobias, and had higher initial ratings on aspects of indirect as well as direct manifestations of anxiety, ego restriction, and global severity. I patients improved more than NI patients with regard to aspects of the target phobia, both at the termination of the treatment and at the follow up. Otherwise the outcome was similar. There was no indication of a greater amount of conflict solution in the I patients. The result might be explained by supposed differences in the amount of self‐exposure. The hypothesis was supported, but the results cannot be applied to other ty

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–In a controlled study of life events in depressed patients in Kenya it was found that the rate of life events was higher in the depressed group in the 27 weeks preceding the onset of depression but with a sharp increase in the last 6–9 weeks before onset. It was also found that the depressed patients continued to experience independent life events after the onset of the depression. It is hypothesized that the continued occurrence of life events after the onset of depression is an incentive to seek help and, eventually, a psychiatric refer

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02502.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–Repeated lumbar punctures in 16 healthy volunteers showed reproducible concentrations of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In seven depressed patients, studied during two or three illness periods, the metabolite concentrations were also fairly stable. In 11 patients CSF concentrations of 5‐HIAA, but not of HVA, were higher after recovery than during depression. This increase of 5‐HIAA after recovery was confined to patients whose initial serotonin metabolite levels were low. The finding constitutes further evidence of a biochemical heterogeneity within the depressive disorders, and suggests that patients whose CSF 5‐HIAA is low during a depressive episode may have a less stable serotonin system than other patients with depress

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02503.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–In a double‐blind comparison of 21 inpatients with endogenous depression 225 mg zimeldine demonstrated the same degree of antidepressive efficacy as 150 mg amitriptyline after 4 weeks of treatment. Only “sleep disturbances” on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS) showed significant (P<0.05) improvement with amitriptyline.Only small differences in the frequency of side effects were seen. In the zimeldine group, increased sweating and headache were more pronounced, while the amitriptyline patients more often reported dry mouth and constipation. Body weight was not significantly changed by either treatment.In the zimeldine group, treatment had to be interrupted in three patients due to hypersensitivity reactions in the form of drug fever. Three other patients in the zimeldine group showed clinically significant elevation of liver enzymes. Hypersensitivity reactions and abnormal blood chemistry were both reversible. The adverse reactions are discussed, the cause of the occurrence remaining

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02504.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT–Evidence from many sources supports the view that stressful life events might be relevant for the onset and development of depression, but their pathogenic role is still only poorly understood. One approach in trying to elucidate the role of life events in depression, might be to study them from a multi‐factorial point of view, taking into account the vulnerability of the individual experiencing them. As part of such an investigation, 138 depressed patients with a mean age of 45 years have participated in a study of life events and personality traits. In particular, it was tested whether aspects of aggression might interact with the occurrence and perception of external stressful events. Patients who scored high on outward aggression had experienced more stressful events, and patients who scored high on inhibition of aggression had experienced fewer, but more negatively. It is concluded that a combined study of the occurrence of life events and the personality characteristics of the patients experiencing them might enhance our understanding of the pathogenic role of life events in depress

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY