摘要:

The purpose of this investigation was primarily to clarify motives for arson. The statements of the mental examination of 30 schizophrenics who had committed arson plus 30 other arsonists for controls were examined.Expressions of hate were equally often the principle motive in both groups or in about half of the cases. Other expressions of hate associated with arson itself, and previous aggressiveness toward the victim were equally common. For the controls, however, expressions of hate were more often directed against family, relations and acquaintances, whereas for the schizophrenics they were directed against outsiders or the community as a whole. This difference approached statistical significance (P<.05). The arsons were sometimes associated with drunkenness, which triggered off aggressiveness more often in the controls than in the schizophrenics. This difference was statistically especially significant (P<.001).Hallucinations and delusions were principal motives in 30% of the schizophrenics statistically significantly more than in the controls (P<.01). Motives of hate were combined on top of psychotic motives in some cases. The objects for arson chosen by the schizophrenics were often places where nobody lived even temporarily, and thus harmless in this respect. For the controls, the objects were more often residential houses. This difference was statistically significant (P<.01) and could be considered to reflect either a desire to see fire only and/or an impulsive action in a psychotic state on the part of the schizophrenics. The attainment of sexual pleasure from watching the fire was not the essential factor except in a few cases. Contrary to the controls, there were no cases whatsoever of insurance fraud as motive for arson among the schizophrenics.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Danish Central Psychiatric Register is a cumulative register comprising all psychiatric in‐patient institutions (about 12,000 beds and about 40,000 admissions per year). The system of manual files and an EDP registration is described. Its development, method of operation and function, some applications and results are presente

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08205.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lithium lipett C (ACO Läkemedel, Sweden), a new lithium sulphate preparation with slow release achieved by dissolution in fat which releases 90% of its lithium content within less than 4 hours when treated with intestinal juice was compared with lithium carbonate tablets.In spite of a fairly swift release, there was a smoother plasma lithium curve with the lipett C than with the carbonate tablets. The frequency of the side effect diarrhoea with the lipett C administered twice a day (7 out of 19) was higher than with carbonate tablets administered three or four times a day and similar to that with a previously studied, slower releasing lithium sulphate lipett (7 out of 20). The diarrhoea is probably caused both by the effect of the lithium ion on distal parts of the intestinal canal and by the sulphate ion. The frequency of other side effects was similar with the lipett C and the carbonate tablets. The advantages of the lipett C in the form of dosing twice a day are counteracted by the drawbacks of the rather frequent side effect diarrhoea

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study explores personality in subgroups of affective illness. Self‐assessment scores on Cattell's 16 Personality Factor (16 PF) Questionnaire were obtained from 87 patients comprising five groups, namely ill and recovered unipolar and bipolar depressives and chronic anxiety (CA) neurotics. It was predicted that the anxiety group would have more abnormal scores than both actively depressed groups, but the three groups had markedly similar traits. The prediction that three different types of personality profiles would be obtained from the two recovered depressive groups and the anxiety group was partly confirmed. However, the scores of the anxious patients were more similar to those of recovered unipolar depressives than either was to recovered bipolar depressives. It is suggested that the similar personalities of unipolar depressives and anxiety neurotics may be aetiologically important. Furthermore, the differences between the two recovered depressive groups supports the idea of distinguishing between sub‐populations in studies of affective illn

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An account is given of a multinational double‐blind trial, in which the tetracyclic antidepressant maprotiline (Ludiomil®) was compared with amitriptyline. Two hundred and eleven patients participated; of these 191 completed the trial. In 68% of the cases, endogenous depression was diagnosed; the remaining cases were diagnosed as reactive or other depressions. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was used, and unwanted effects were registered on standardized scales.No statistically significant difference in antidepressive effect assessed by Total Hamilton Score (THS) and global evaluation was found between maprotiline and amitriptyline. However, a significant difference in favour of maprotiline was shown in the global evaluation of unwanted effects and as regards the individual symptoms “blurred vision” and “sweating”. The laboratory tests disclosed no positive difference between the two preparations.Advantages and disadvantages of multicentre trials are discussed and the value of standardized scales is pointed out. Factor analysis carried out on the same material is

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

From a register comprising all psychiatric in‐patients in Denmark, a sample was selected consisting of all schizophrenic and manic‐depressive patients admitted in the period 1969–1973, a total of 7,427 schizophrenic and 8,212 manic‐depressive patients. A comparison was carried out between the distribution of month of birth in the patient group and in the background population of live births from the corresponding years. A surplus of schizophrenic patients born in the first trimester was found, whereas the pattern of the manic‐depressive patients did not deviate from that of the background population.The monthly birth indices for the schizophrenic and manic‐depressive patients were compared with the monthly birth indices found for still‐births. A positive correlation was found between schizophrenia and still‐birth. This is compatible with the theory which ascribes a role to obstetric complications in the genesis of schizophrenia. No evidence of such influence was found in manic‐dep

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A double‐blind, 6‐month trial of penfluridol and placebo was conducted in 15 chronic psychotic patients in the age range of 25–64 years. The patients, who had been well controlled with penfluridol for several months, were divided into two comparable groups with seven patients receiving penfluridol and eight receiving placebo. Dexetimide and other non‐psychotropic drugs already taken before the trial were continued. Each patient was assessed before and after 1, 2, 4 and 6 months of treatment using a 36‐item questionnaire. At the end of the trial, the weekly dosage of the double‐blind medication was two tablets of 20 mg or placebo in all patients. Whereas penfluridol‐treated patients maintained their improvement, placebo‐treated patients by the end of the trial had significantly deteriorated as regards direct psychotic phenomena and ge

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An intraindividual, double‐blind, cross‐over comparison of the anterograde effect on memory of unilateral non‐dominant frontoparietal (FP) and temporoparietal (TP) ECT was performed in connection with the second and third treatments of ECT‐series. Treatment technique was standardized and seizure duration was measured by means of EEG. Memory functions were examined 3 and 6 hours after treatments by means of parallel memory tests, and three operationally defined memory variables, immediate and delayed reproduction, and their difference, forgetting, were scored.The duration of the electrical stimulation (with constant intensity) necessary to evoke generalized seizure was similar in the two methods. The duration of seizure activity was significantly shorter after FP‐ECT. In spite of this difference, the anterograde effect on the memory variables was closely similar in the two treatments.The shorter duration of seizure activity after FP‐ECT indicates that a maximal seizure is more difficult to obtain with frontal electrode position. The lack of difference in anterograde effect between TP‐ECT and FP‐ECT indicates that little further reduction of memory impairment can be expected with new unilateral elec

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty‐five endogenously depressed patients in nine different hospitals were given, randomly, tricyclic antidepressants plus placebo, or tricyclic antidepressants plus lithium carbonate, for a minimum of 4 weeks. At the hospital with the largest single material, the six patients in the lithium group showed significantly greater improvement after 1 and 4 weeks than the seven patients in the placebo group. At the other hospitals, a total of 14 patients received lithium and 18 placebo, with no significant difference in outcome. However, the heterogeneity of this part of the material might easily have obscured any real difference in treatment outcome. Treatment response in the total material did not correlate significantly with diagnosis (e.g., whether unipolar or bipolar affective illness), age or sex. No significant side effects were reported.It is concluded that lithium does not antagonize, but rather seems to enhance the therapeutic effect of tricyclic antidepressants. Therefore, when an endogenously depressed patient is considered suited for longterm prophylactic lithium medication, such medication ought to be started while the patient is still depressed and under treatment with anti‐depressant dr

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Comparison of the results of studies within psychiatry are often complicated by the uncertainty of whether the different authors use the same diagnostic critaria for the probands in the studies. In the “International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia” (IPSS) (WHO), patients with functional psychoses from the nine participating centres were examined with standardized instruments. This study is based on data collected during the initial examination and a 2‐year follow‐up of patients included in the IPSS. The aim was to develop and test a method based on symptoms which diagnosed the patients in a standardized way.A computer programme using 39 symptom groups was developed, (DIAX). (A manual is included in the Appendix). In order to evaluate the diagnoses arrived at by DIAX, comparison was made with clinical diagnoses at initial examination and at follow‐up. For the total of 1202 patients from nine countries, the overall agreement was 73%. The comparison also showed interesting similarities and differences among the centres.The validity of the method was supported by the following three analyses. The stability (diagnoses based on initial examination and follow‐up examination) was high. “Severe” disagreement was only about 10%. The prognosis of the two major diagnostic groups showed a significant difference. An examination of mental illness in the families showed that DIAX diagnoses could separate the two nuclear groups, those with mainly schizophrenia in the family and those with mainly affective psychoses in the family.Other results emerging from the study and the advantages and limitations of the metho

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1974.tb08213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY