摘要:

Schizophrenia is associated with altered sleep architecture, particularly in regard to delta sleep. We examined the relation between the baseline polysomnographic measures in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients and psychosocial outcome as measured by the Strauss&Carpenter scale at 1 (n = 20) and 2 (n = 7) years. The percentages of delta sleep at baseline were significantly correlated with total outcome scores at 1 and at 2 years. These preliminary findings suggest that delta sleep deficits may be associated with relatively poor outcome in this disorder.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09784.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylacetic acid (CCSF PAA) were obtained from normal controls and from drug‐free psychiatric inpatients (schizophrenia, major depression, mania, and schizoaffective disorder). Post‐treatment CCSF PAA levels were obtained from 16 patients after 4 weeks of neuroleptic treatment. Phenylacetic acid levels were higher in women and were significantly correlated with age. There were no differences in CCSF PAA levels between the various diagnostic groups and no difference between the paranoid and the nonparanoid subtypes of schizophrenia. CCSF PAA was significantly correlated with several measures of psychopathology, especially the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale hostility/suspiciousness factor. Neuroleptic treatment did not result in significant PAA changes. These findings are discussed in light of the amphetamine‐like role ascribed to phenylethylamine, the precursor o

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09785.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Impairment on neuropsychological tests during steady‐state drug use and withdrawal, and after discontinuation of benzodiazepines, was studied in primary benzodiazepine‐dependent patients. One group of patients was tested before and the other group after the initiation of a gradual tapering‐off of the drug, and both groups were tested approximately 1 year later. At the initial assessment, both groups of patients showed impairment on most of the tests of general intelligence and on several of the tests in the Halstead‐Reitan battery, as well as on a test of nonverbal memory, in comparison with healthy controls. At follow‐up the patient groups had reached the level of the control group. This study confirmed earlier observations of neuropsychological deficits in long‐term benzodiazepine‐using patients and demonstrated that these changes are at least partly reversible by discontinuin

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09786.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This population‐based study presents socioeconomic differences in psychiatric inpatient care by diagnosis. Inpatient care among the Finnish population aged 25–64. years was studied using data from the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register. All major mental disorders in the ICD‐9 were included in the study. The socioeconomic status of individual patients was defined by years of education in the population census. Discharge rates, first–time admission rates and hospitalization risk were usually 2‐ to 4‐fold higher in the low educational group compared with the highly educated population. The socioeconomic gradient was steepest for schizophrenia. No gradient was observed for major affective disorders. However, bipolar disorder was most common in the highest educational category. For most conditions, the socioeconomic gradient among women was lower than among men. In Finland hospitalization was more common among low than high socioeconomic groups for most mental disorders and most indicators of inpatient care. Most of these differences are fairly consistent with previous data on socioeconomic gradients in the prevalence of menta

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09787.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Platelet monoamine oxidase activity (MAO), melatonin and Cortisol post‐dexamethasone suppression test (DST) were examined in 28 patients with major affective disorder and in 20 controls. MAO activity was lower and Cortisol post‐dexamethasone was higher in depressed patients. Platelet MAO activity and Cortisol in depressed and controls yielded high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (89%). The patients were re‐examined after 10 years and categorized into affective psychosis or neurotic depression (ICD‐9). Multidimensional analysis identified one subgroup coinciding in 92% with affective psychosis and another subgroup coinciding in 87% with neurotic depression. Combination of MAO, melatonin and post‐DST Cortisol may be useful in the diagnosis of subgroups of depressed patients and in choice o

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09788.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The subjects belong to a prospective, longitudinal population study on mental health, the Lundby study, performed in 1947, 1957 and 1972. In 1988–1989. 148 individuals, then 42–56 years of age, raised in families with at least 3 risk factors for mental or behavioral disorders, were interviewed about their life span coping style. Twenty‐two coping mechanisms were rated; optimism, substitution, wishful thinking, problem‐solving, planning, self‐reliance, humor, acceptance, resignation, social support, comparison with others, religion, catharsis, self‐criticism, value reinforcement, alcohol and drug consumption, professional help, endurance, information‐seeking, isolating activity, magic and minimizing. Together they contributed statistically significantly to mental health (explained variance 24%) and quality of life (explained variance 28 %). Problem‐solving, social support and optimism were frequently used and were statistically associated with positive mental health and lower frequencies of some mental disorders. Sense of coherence, a personal disposition factor, was also statistically associated (explained variance 22%) with the combined co

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09789.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The compliance with drug regimens and follow‐up visits of 225 known cases of relapsed schizophrenia was assessed. About 27% of the patients met the criteria for good compliance. The compliance was found to be significantly related to the patients' view of usefulness of the medication, treatment duration of less than 5 years, dosage schedule of once or twice per day and the supervision of medication at home. Patients with poor compliance who were prescribed drug dosage of not more than twice per day throughout follow‐up and underwent counseling to enhance treatment compliance had a significantly lower relapse rate than the controlled group at the end of 1 year of follow‐up. The importance of family support and understanding patients' cultural background in ensuring good compliance was highli

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09790.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Survival analysis of suicide risk by sex and age after attempted suicide was studied in a cohort of 1573 suicide attempters referred to the psychiatric emergency room at the Karolinska Hospital from 1981 to 1988. The time course of suicide risk and the overall prognosis after attempted suicide and, in particular, the possible usefulness of sex and age as risk factors for the prediction of suicide risk after attempted suicide was analyzed. Nearly two thirds of the sample were women and most of the suicide attempters were young (in their twenties and thirties), and the median age was 35 years. The overall mortality after a 5‐year mean observation period after attempted suicide was 11%, and the suicide mortality was 6 %. The suicide risk after attempted suicide among men (8.3%) was nearly twice the female suicide risk (4.3%). Age as a possible suicide risk factor was analyzed for each sex separately by median split subgrouping. It was concluded that both older and younger male suicide attempters are at high risk of suicide (7% and 10% respectively), and older women are at higher risk than younger (6%,vs2%). The suicide risk is particularly high during the first year after the suicide attempt. The high suicide risk group of young adult male suicide attempters is one of the main feasible targets of psychiatric intervention research programs on suicidal behavior. Suicide among young men is a major cause of years of life los

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09791.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The interrater reliability, confidence and ease of use of ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria for research were assessed in the Republic of Korea as part of the field trials of World Health Organization collaborative study. A total of 279 patients were diagnosed according to the ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria for research. Interrater reliability, calculated by kappa statistics, was found to be between 0.74 and 0.91 on 2‐character categories and between 0.64 and 0.90 on 3‐character categories except schizotypal disorder (F21). On the 4‐character categories, the agreement in the affective states between raters was lower. The reasons are discussed based on cultural di

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09792.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this double‐blind cross‐over study was to investigate whether treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, citalopram reduces aggressiveness in chronically violent schizophrenic inpatients. Initially 19 patients were enrolled into this double‐blind cross‐over study in which the patients were treated for 24 weeks with placebo and 24 weeks with citalopram (20–60 mg/day) as a supplement to their previous neuroleptic medication. Fourteen patients completed the entire study, but sufficient data on 15 patients could be used in the end–point analysis of efficacy. Psychiatric assessments (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity of Illness, Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale and the Global Aggression Scale) and side effects (UKU Side Effect Scale) were recorded at baseline and 4 times during both periods. Aggressive incidents (Staff Observation Aggression Scale) were recorded throughout the study. During citalopram treatment, the frequency of aggressive incidents was significantly lower and the mental state did not deteriorate. Patients either experienced no side effects or else side effects were equally mild during b

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09793.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY