摘要:

Abstract—Population stratification, secondary effects of illness or treatment, biological heterogeneity of a clinical syndrome, or complex biology underlying a syndrome (where only one component is measured) are conditions which may obscure the association of a genetic risk factor with a clinical syndrome. We consider several investigative strategies under each of these conditions. Only segregation‐based paradigms are robust to genetic heterogeneity and population stratification. But secondary effects on the risk factor produced by illness or treatment require other strategies for their detect

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The study of individuals at “high” risk for developing psychiatric disorders is useful in confirming that a biological trait marker identified in patient populations is also present in genetically susceptible individuals who have never been ill, and predicts the future onset of illness. We outline a systematic method for deciding which variables to choose and how many individuals are required in order for a study to have sufficient power. We demonstrate how these decisions depend on the assumptions that can be made with regard to 1) the mode of inheritance of the biological trait, 2) the relationship of the biological trait to illness, and 3) the magnitude of the mean difference observed between patients and controls. We also quantify the increased power of studying offspring of two affected parents rather than offspring of one affected p

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The process of improvement was studied in a 2‐year out‐patient programme for alcoholics. The drop‐out rate was 16%. The analysis was based on recurrent evaluations of treatment contracts including both drinking pattern and psycho‐social treatment objectives. Background data were related to the alcohol adjustment during the first but not during the second year of treatment. Subjects with favourable background characteristics showed an early improvement of drinking pattern but few psycho‐social changes. In contrast, subjects whose improvement in drinking behaviour occurred during the second year of treatment showed improvement in their psycho‐social adjustment already during the first year. All subjects with an early stable improvement were type 1 alcoholics according to the Cloninger‐Bohman typology while the majority of those who improved during the later part of the treatment period were ty

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Trends in death rates from all suicides and specific methods of suicide in Italy over the period 1955–79 were analysed on the basis of age‐specific and age‐standardised rates, and through a log‐linear Poisson model to isolate the effects of age, birth cohort and calendar period. In both sexes, a large decrease in mortality from suicide was evident in the late 1950's and early 1960's. Thereafter, death certification rates showed fluctuating trends up to the mid 1970's, when steady increases became evident for both sexes. Nevertheless, overall age‐standardized mortality rates from suicide in the late 1970's were still considerably lower than in the two previous decades (15% in males, 7% in females). The observed variations in suicide mortality, mostly in males, can be explained in terms of period of death effect and be related to changes in the Italian economic situation. This view finds further support from analysis of age‐specific trends (e. g mortality rates in the younger age groups started rising in the early 1970's. together with a rise in unemployment rates among the young). Cohort curves for males born in the current century were U‐shaped as well, with marked declines for generations born between 1905 and 1930, and moderate increases for more recent cohorts. For females, the cohort curve was remarkably flat. Some of the changes in the various methods of suicide can be explained in terms of well‐defined exogenous factors (e.g., the large fall in poisoning by domestic gas is obviously attributable to domestic ga

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The geriatric community study was conducted by the Aichi Prefecture (Japan) Project. The psychiatric epidemiological survey was conducted using a stratified random sampling method. 3106 community residents over the age of 65 years, randomly selected from the whole Aichi Prefecture of Japan, were inter viewed; 476 had suspected dementia. The second interviews and the neurologic examinations were carried out by psychiatrists. The prevalence of dementia was estimated to be 5.8% (moderate and severe, 2.2%; mild 3.6%) of the aged population in the community. Cerebrovascular dementia (CVD) or multi‐infarct dementia (MID) was found in 2.8%, senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) in 2.4%, and dementia due to other causes in 0.6%. CVD (MID) was diagnosed more frequently in men, and SDAT in wo

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Several operational diagnoses (OPD) for endogenous depression have been proposed. However ‐ though aiming at similar clinical concepts ‐ the amount of association and agreement between different OPD is rather low. In this study the relationship between eight OPD (Research Diagnostic Criteria, DSM‐III, Michigan Discrimination Index, Newcastle Scale I, Newcastle Scale II, Taylor‐Abrams Criteria, Vienna Research Criteria, Hamilton Endogenomorphy Index) was assessed by applying latent trait analyses to the classificatory data of these eight OPD which were rated simultaneously in a sample of 173 depressive inpatients. According to these analyses six OPD (RDC, DSM‐III, NCS‐I, NCS‐II, TAC and VRC) are tapping the same phenomenon. This latent trait represents compatible concepts of endogenous depression; it is strongly associated with the independently assessed clinical ICD‐9 diagnosis of endogenous depression. The six OPD can be considered as items of a scale (so‐called OPD‐scale). The total scores of the OPD‐scale represent a dimensional assessment of the decisiveness of the diagnosis endogenous depression. Coefficients and parameters of this

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed in 21 drug‐free schizophrenic patients. The patients satisfied DSM‐III and Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia and were in an acute phase of the disease. In 15 of the patients the DST was repeated after about 5 weeks of treatment with neuroleptics. DST compliance was checked by analysis of dexamethasone concentrations in plasma. In the acute phase 71% (at 04 pm.) of the patients were nonsuppressors. After neuroleptic treatment the frequency of abnormal responders had decreased to 20%. The decrease in nonsuppressors was not due to alteration of the dex amethasone concentration between the two test occasions. Prolactin levels were markedly increased at the second test occasion compared with the first. There were no significant relationships between cortisol levels, cortisol suppression and prolactin levels. The high frequency of nonsuppressors among schizophrenic patients in the acute phase of the disease indicates that acute stress may be a confounding factor in the outcome o

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Associations between social factors or attitudes during their life‐span and mental disorders at 70 were studied in 166 men and 226 women belonging to the population study “70‐year‐olds in Gothenburg”. Poverty during childhood, arduous job during mature age, and low frequency of social visiting were associated with mental disorder in men, and poverty during childhood and indications of current isolation, with mental disorder in women. Living alone was associated with mental disorder only if combined with factors, such as lack of daily contact with others, or low frequency of social visiting. Combinations of stress and strain during the life‐span were associated with feelings of fatigue, while there was no association between losses and mental disorder. Dissatisfaction during the life‐span, in women especially with regard to their childhood, was associated with

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A case is described of a patient who developed a transient verbal hallucination, lateralized to the right ear, and fluent aphasia after a hemorrhagic infarction in the left superior temporal gyrus. On the basis of this patient and the cases in the literature showing unilateral complex auditory hallucinations, the clinical significance of the lateralization phenomenon of complex auditory hallucinations was investigated. As a result, the lateralization phenomenon of complex auditory hallucinations could be considered a significant clinical sign indicating the existence of a lesion in the superior temporal gyrus opposite the hallucination sid

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Negative symptoms have been assessed in 34 cases of major endogenous depression (RDC) using the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Correlation coeffecients between negative symptoms and improvement rated on a 5‐point scale were determined. Poverty of speech, affective flattening and avolition ‐apathy were found to be related with poor outcome. There was also a negative relationship between improvement and certain frequently occurring negative sym‐toms: inability to feel emotions, feelings of emptiness in thinking and feeling of avolition. High total negative symptom scores predicted poor

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb10603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY