摘要:

The Geoffrey Knight Psychosurgical Unit admits patients on a regular basis and thus offers special opportunities for studying severely ill psychiatric cases, all having one particular treatment under relatively controlled conditions. The opportunity has been taken to repeat various metabolic studies previously reported to be abnormal in some psychiatric illnesses. In the present investigation several measures of endocrinological activity were studied, as was plasma tryptophan, both free and bound. None of these data confirmed reports of abnormalities and neither did the values found at operation help to predict clinical outcome 1 year later, which was another possibility.Urinary catecholamines were also measured before and 2 weeks after operation. Male patients, regardless of diagnosis, showed a mean increase in adrenaline output after operation compared with the pre‐operative value and this was significantly different from the females, who showed a small mean decrease. The depressed patients showed a significant reduction in noradrenaline excretion after operation compared with before operation and this trend was enhanced in those of good outcome at 1 year, the difference from those who responded poorly being significant. It could be that the ventromedial lesion that is produced alters noradrenaline metabolism or autonomic activity in depression and this possibility merits further stud

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb06657.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb10819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb10820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A representative sample of 800 Gothenburg women in the age group 38–54 years were investigated by psychiatric interview, completed by information from other sources. An assessment was made of the maximum degree of suicidal tendency during life according to a 5‐degree scale.The observed incidence of suicidal attempts was 4.5 %. A further 14.9 % had at some time in their lives had suicidal ideas and in addition there were 22.3 % who had had the feeling that life was not worth living. Approximately 60 % of the suicidal attempts resulted in psychiatric care. One fifth of the suicidal attempts did not lead to any contact with the health servi

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb06658.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryEighteen patients with manic‐depressive disease were grouped into pairs in a double blind study. The patients within each pair were treated either with lithium or with placebo in a random manner. When one of the patients within a pair relapsed, the trial was discontinued for that pair. All 9 patients who received placebo relapsed within 1‐31 weeks, 3 with depressive and 6 with manic episodes. Later, 3 of the patients who received lithium discontinued treatment on their own initiative, and also relapsed into manic sta

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb10821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The therapeutic group includes within one framework both the reality principle and the pleasure principle and therefore furthers insight in transference and narcissistic fusion tendencies as well as social learning. The individual psychotherapeutic setting, however, is a more protective one, not representing social reality and by this not enabling the patient to gain social experience within the therapeutic situation. Group psychotherapy leads by means of the amplifying effect of the group to a deep emotional and psychotherapeutic commitment of the members. A group dream, in which one or members or the group as a whole appear, may be activated and show to the concerned individual and eventually to others unconscious infantile or actual conflicts mobilized by the group. From the sociological point of view, the group represents an interactional network. From the psychological point of view, however, the feelings and the thoughts of each individual in the group situation are decisive. Therefore, it is important to pay attention not only to the group as a whole but preponderantly to the participating individuals with their unconscious expectations and their behaviour in the Here and Now of the group. The complex interactions in the group permit manifold transferences and by this analytic working‐through but lead also to a deconditioning and reconditioning process which takes the patients away from old, neurotic to new, open patterns of behaviou

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb06659.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA sample comprising 123 manic‐depressive patients, who had experienced at least one manic phase, was studied with respect to age of onset of symptoms, mode of onset, the character of the first and second episodes, and the effect of lithium treatment.The age of onset of all patients irrespective of the nature of the first phase was on average 33 years, median = 30 years. In 63 per cent of cases, the first episode of illness was depressive, in other cases manic.Regardless of whether the first episode was mania or depression the chances that the second episode would be manic or depressive were approximately equal.The clinical details of five manic patients who failed to improve after more than 9 days lithium treatment are presented. These patients had a symptom profile in common, characterized by severe manic symptoms, aggression, and marked flight of ideas with a confusional component in the clinical picture.Eighty‐five manic‐depressive patients received prophylactic lithium treatment for a varying time in an open investigation. The number and duration of manic and depressive episodes were calculated for a period which extended from and included the onset phase to thestart of the control period, for a control period without lithium treatment, and for a lithium treatment period immediately following the control period.A significant reduction in the number of both manic and depressive episodes per year was recorded in both sexes during the lithium period as compared with the control period. During the latter, the number of manic episodes in general was similar for men and women, while the number of depressive episodes was greater in the female patients. During the lithium period, the number of manic and depressive episodes for both men and women was reduced to the same level. During both the control and the lithium period higher rates were found for depression than for mania in both sexes.During the control period, the manic and depressive episodes lasted on average somewhat longer in male as compared with female patients. In comparison with the control period, a reduction in the length of the phases was observed during the lithium period.The proportion of time during which the patients were ill with mania or depression or both was reduced significantly, and to the same level, in both men and women during the lithium period as compared with the control period. During the latter period, the total duration of manic phases in male patients was slightly yet consistently longer than in females, while the sexes did not differ in respect of depression. During both periods, in both sexes, the depressive phases lasted overall for nearly twice as long as the manic phases.In the present investigation a definite prophylactic effect of lithium was demonstrated, by individual calculation in both male and female patients, for both the manic and depressive phases of manic‐depressive

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb10822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The classic textbook concepts of neuropathic traits ‐ enuresis, nail‐biting, finger‐sucking, sleep‐walking, anxiety, nightmares, fear of darkness ‐ have been anamnestically recorded in patients in a somatic hospital who were referred for psychiatric interview. More than 50 % of the patients could report having had one or more such traits with an even distribution between males and females except for enuresis, which was recorded more frequently in males.The presence of such traits was correlated to adult mental health. No correlation was found between one single trait and later disorders. There was a positive correlation between two or more traits and neurotic states of anxiety or conversion neurosis, but no correlation with depressive disorders or psychosomatic diseases (after Alexander's

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb06660.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study has been to describe the different ways in which 100 alcoholics of each sex sought treatment, with special reference to the females. In addition, some psychiatric and social characteristics of the two groups of patients are presented.A significantly higher number of the females were admitted as a result of an acute complication: unconsciousness, suicide attempt, confusion, neurological disorders, etc., while the males generally sought treatment under less dramatic circumstances. As the patients selected were early cases, most had not been treated before, but in those with previous in‐patient psychiatric treatment a diagnosis without an alcohol connection was significantly more common among the women. Drug abuse was considerably more frequent among the female as compared with the male alcoholics, and the specific lonely drinking pattern was also more common among the women. A striking difference between the sexes appeared with respect to partner: more than one‐half of the married women had alcoholic husbands. The corresponding figure for the married men amounted to about 1

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb06661.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary1. This investigation, like previous studies, shows that manic‐depressive patients, in their early environment, schooling and further education, have a tendency to belong to the higher social class groups in comparison with the general population. The patients are also similar in this respect to those in a control sample of manic‐depressive patients collected at the same time from Beckomberga hospital, a mental hospital serving the same population area as the clinic.2. At the start of the study, the patients employment situation and general social situation were found to be somewhat unfavourable, probably due to the underlying disease.3. At the end of the study a larger number of patients showed more satisfactory working capacities than at the start. Their general social adaptation was also better. According to the author, this may be associated with the lithium treatment given during the investigation. Without this treatment, rather more serious social deterioration could have been expected.4. The distribution of civil state and frequency of marriage is largely in agreement with the situation in the general population. On closer scrutiny, divorce occurred in connection with the patient's illness in several cases. Examples of marital reconciliation can also be found, where the illness improved during lithium treatment. The number of children seems to be somewhat lower, and the number of childless marriages higher, than in the general Swedish population. The sample is small, however, and social and regional factors may play a part.5. With regard to criminality, the patients had fewer convictions than expected in comparison with the general population. Despite this, prosecution in several cases took place during an episode of illn

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1977.tb10823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY