摘要:

Historical analysis suggests that the decline and fall of the will was due not to any major piece of empirical work demonstrating that the concept was unsound but to general changes in philosophical fashion, and to the temporary influence of the anti‐mentalistic tenets of behaviorism and the anti‐volitional assumptions of psychoanalysis. Clinical disorders like abulia and impulsiveness share conceptual features that 19th‐century alienists captured well in their clinical category of disorder of the will. Current accounts, which include semi‐explanatory concepts such as “drive”, “motivation” or frontal lobe “executive” are not conceptually better than the old notion of will nor are they superior as correlational variables for neurobiological studies. It is suggested that the will, updated according to modern work in the philosophy of action, be re‐adopted as a research category

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was applied to 60 depressed inpatients diagnosed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The information to rate the scale was obtained with a semistructured interview to standardize the scale administration method. Items were factorized using principal components analysis with Varimax rotation. Three factors were obtained with the simulation method, accounting for 47% of variance. The first includes the core symptoms of depression. The symptoms of patients having an isolated mood disorder were compared with those having comorbidity with other diagnoses. The comorbidity did not affect the first factor but modified the second factor (anxiety) and the third factor (insomnia).

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The interrelationships among gender, premorbid functioning, and negative symptoms were examined in a first‐admission inpatient sample with DSM‐III‐R schizophrenia. Fifty‐two subjects were assessed with the Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up. Three indicators of premorbid functioning were examined: the Premorbid Adjustment Scale, the Quick Test, and the GAF for the best month in the year prior to the baseline interview. Men and women had relatively similar ratings on each of the 5 SANS global subscales at both times; they were also relatively similar on most of the indicators of premorbid functioning. The men and women were categorized into lowvsmoderate‐high negative symptom groups at baseline, and no differences in premorbid functioning were detected. When the sample was classified into those with and without consistent negative symptoms at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up, the enduring negative men and women had significantly poorer premorbid functioning in several areas than the consistently non‐negative patients. Our findings support the importance of assessing negative symptoms longitudinally and suggest that gender is not strongly associated with negative symptoms and premorbid functioning in patients ascertained at early stag

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09563.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty‐seven schizophrenic chronic outpatients (DSM‐III‐R criteria) were examined to study the relationship between symptoms through intercorrelational and factor analysis. Three factors were identified and associated with clusters of symptoms: factor 1 (affective flattening, alogia, avolition‐apathy and anhedonia‐asociality), factor 2 (formal thought disorder and bizarre behaviour) and factor 3 (hallucinations and delusions). Strong associations between factor 1 and high functional impairment were found. In this population, the segregation of the symptoms could fit into a three‐syndrome model, these results agree with findings obtained from samples in which acute symptoms p

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09564.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To evaluate the effect of training in rating expressed emotion (EE) using the Japanese version of the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI), interrater reliability between a certified rater and a trainee was examined. The material was 65 CFI interviews with the families of 46 schizophrenic patients. The two raters independently rated EE status, critical comments (CC), hostility (H), emotional overinvolvement (EOI), warmth (W) and positive remarks (PR). The interrater reliability was satisfactory with regard to EE status, CC, H, EOI and PR. In the category of W, however, the results were unsatisfactory, as there was no positive development of agreement over time. In fathers, the interrater reliability of W was lower than in other relationships. Use of interview transcripts could contribute to a more satisfactory interrater agreement in EOI, and this is recommended as a useful training tool in EE evaluation.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09565.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patients with Crohn's disease (CD,n= 61) and ulcerative colitis (UC,n= 24) were studied using an interview and a series of percept‐genetic tests describing anxiety, defensive strategies, and the self‐image. Attention was specifically directed at a subgroup of CD (n= 15) with its inflammation limited to the colon (colon Crohn, CC). There was also a control group (n= 43). CC had more immature parent relations than the other groups. They were more childishly concrete and more alexithymic. WhileCCdiffer from other Crohn patients in many respects, the real cleft opens up with regard to UC, in spite of location of their illness. CC patients obviously have a psychological profile of their

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09566.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An unselected cohort of 285 stroke patients, median age 69 years, were studied for correlation between potential risk factors and the 1‐year incidence of post‐stroke depression (PSD). The following factors correlated significantly with PSD: a history of previous stroke, a history of previous depression, female gender, living alone and social distress prestroke. Further, social inactivity, decrease in social activity, pathological crying and intellectual impairment at 1 month but not functional outcome correlated to PSD. A multivariate regression analysis showed that intellectual impairment explained 42% of variance of mood score. Major depression was unrelated to lesion location. We conclude that etiology to PSD is a complex mixture of prestroke personal and social factors, and stroke induced social, emotional and intellectual handi

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09567.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The costs and effects of clozapine treatment of refractory schizophrenic patients have been discussed recently. This study shows that 18 months of clozapine treatment results in an improvement of symptoms and social functioning in approximately 70% of treatment‐refractory schizophrenic patients, compared with treatment with conventional neuroleptics during a similar period of time. Treatment with clozapine reduces the cost of inpatient care but places increased demands on active rehabilitation resources in outpatient care. This leads to increased total costs in a short‐term perspective, but clozapine treatment is cost‐saving for annual maintenance therapy. These costs must be weighed against the positive effects on psychotic symptoms and social functi

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09568.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As a part of a Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry, treated incidence was related to the resources and dynamic qualities of psychiatric services in 7 catchment areas. One‐year treated incidence cohorts were used. Data was collected concerning number of beds and staff, number of long‐term patients and turnover rate of patients in the services and availability of specialized services. A positive correlation was found between rates of outpatient staff and treated incidence. No statistically significant correlation was found between the dynamic qualities of the services and treated incidence. Treated incidence of dependence was the highest in a center that had a special service unit for abusers. Special services for young and old people were not clearly reflected in treated incidence in respective patient gro

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09569.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of the study was to examine the social and economic variables associated with mental health by means of telephone interviews of a randomly chosen population sample (n= 1557) in Finland in 1993. Mental health was evaluated by means of a 12‐item General Health Questionnaire. A mental disorder, indicated by the GHQ score, was detected in 18.3% of the interviewees. Mental disorders were more common in women than in men. Other factors associated with a mental disorder were unemployment, financial difficulties and insufficient social support from other people. Mental disorders, indicated by the GHQ score, were common in the long‐term unemployed, users of hypnotics and sedatives, and in those who were uncertain about their future. In stepwise logistic regression analyses the statistically independent associates with impaired mental health were suicidal thoughts, receiving of housing allowance and female sex. On the other hand, being on salary was a protective fac

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09570.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY