摘要:

To assess the role of alcohol and drug abuse among schizophrenics with assaultive behaviour, we analysed case records of 38 patients who were responsible for a total of 71 violent offences between 1972 and 1986. They were identified from a population‐based cohort of 644 individuals with schizophrenia hospitalized in Stockholm County during 1971. Fourteen of the 38 offenders abused alcohol and/or drugs and another 7 were probable abusers. These figures are higher than previously reported as regards abuse among schizophrenics. Most of the offences were peformed by nonhospitalized patients who had been ill for many years. The nature of most of the violent incidents resembled that of offences committed by non‐psychotic individuals. Our findings give further evidence for the role of abuse and social disintegration in assaultive behaviour among persons with schizophre

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03051.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Genetic linkage studies have opened new vistas for behavioral and psychiatric genetics. However, phenotypic diversity and diagnostic uncertainties can lead to spurious linkage findings. A method of analysis is proposed that takes these factors into account. When applied to manic‐depressive disease, the results indicate that previous evidence for a major gene localized on the distal long arm of the X‐chromosome cannot be ascribed to phenotypic uncertainties and misclassifications, i.e., a type I error. Although the lod score (the logarithm of odds) favoring linkage is reduced with the more restrictive clinical definitions of the phenotype, it remains significant nonetheless. Thus, the linkage finding is robust over a range of phenotypic patterns and presumed phenocopy frequencies. The results also suggest that the X‐linked phenotype is a particularly severe form of manic depression characterized by early onset, high familial prevalence of the bipolar form, and high recurrence rate of major depression. These findings may have important implications for the design and interpretation of genetic linkage studies and for refining diagnostic techniques in mental diso

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03052.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research in neuroendocrinology has evidenced that hyperactivity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPA) depends on hypersecretion of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH). The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of HPA before and after recovery in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). An h‐CRH‐stimulation test was performed on 2 occasions with examination of the HPA axis before ECT treatment during episodes of major depressive disorders with melancholia, and during the recovery phase after treatment. The results showed that patients during depression had significantly higher plasma levels of cortisol at 15 and 30 min after h‐CRH‐administration than after recovery. Depressed patients had significantly higher plasma levels of β‐endorphin 30 min after h‐CRH‐stimulation. The results are in agreement with previous studies, which have shown hypercortisolemia during depression. A possible hypersecretion of CRH may explain the effect on cortisol and β‐endorphin. No significant differences were found between cumulative responses of corticotropin, cortisol and β‐endorphin, calculated as the areas unde

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03053.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital are confronted by complex and, at times, conflicting models and theories about the cause and treatment of their illness. The patient's understanding and experience of this process are analyzed in this phenomenological study. The need for patients’ increased understanding of the purpose and functions of hospitalization is underlined as well as the possible discrepancy between the patients’ and the hospital's perspectives on treatment objecti

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03054.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We studied psychosexual development in 28 adolescent males who had survived leukemia and compared it with that in 25 adolescent males who had survived other malignancies in childhood. A clinical semistructured psychiatric interview was used to form 8 criteria of psychosexual development. Sexual identity was also assessed using a psychological test. By every criterion, development was more disturbed in patients who had survived leukemia. Attitudes toward adult‐type genital sexuality, contact ability with the opposite sex, and the developmental level of sexuality were most significantly affecte

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03055.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a sample of 72 depressed inpatients the relationships between severity of depression, emotional family atmosphere and perceived parental rearing were studied at admission, discharge and follow‐up. The results indicate that paternal rejection and overprotection might be of particular importance for developing social skills used to form close relationships, whereas maternal emotional warmth seems to have a preventive effect by promoting emotional stabilit

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The mortality within a cohort of 115 street heroin addicts was studied for 5–8 years using the Kaplan‐Meier survival estimate technique. This differed markedly from the relatively low mortality of 166 comparable heroin addicts given methadone maintenance treatment (MT). The street addicts’ mortality rate was 63 times that expected, compared with official statistics for a group of this age and sex distribution. When 53 patients in MT were involuntarily expelled from treatment, due to violation of programme rules, they returned to the high mortality of street addicts (55 times that expected). A group of 34 rehabilitated patients who left MT with medical consent retained the low mortality of MT patients (their mortality rate was 4 times that expected). Despite this great improvement in survival, even patients in MT showed a moderately elevated mortality (8 times that expected), mainly due to diseases acquired before entering the treatment programme. It is concluded that MT exerts a major improvement in the survival of heroin ad

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study is salutogenic, focusing on the people who cope successfully with the handicapping background of a high‐risk childhood. Of those aged 0–15 in 1947 in a total population survey of 2 Swedish parishes, 221 persons with 3 or more childhood psychiatric risk factors were identified. Personal interviews were conducted with 148 of them in 1988–1989. Four measures were used: the Sense of Coherence Scale, the Symptom Distress Checklist, the Quality of Life Scale, and a qualitative overall measure of health status using all interview material. Data analysis focuses on stressing the considerable proportion who managed to overcome their handicapped backgrounds. The sense of coherence is proposed as a powerful explanatory variable in such su

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The authors compared 16 nondepressed obsessive‐compulsive patients (OCS) with 8 normal controls (NC) of similar age for resting‐state regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates (rCMRglu) using positron emission tomography with the fluorodeoxyglucose method. OCS were rated for clinical data, and a neuropsychological battery was administered to 14 patients on the day of the scan. Absolute rCMRglu for whole cortex, and normalized prefrontal lateral cortex metabolic rates, were both significantly lower in OCS than in NC. No significant difference between treated (n= 10) and drug‐free (n= 6) OCS was found for those variables. OCS were significantly impaired in the neuropsychological tasks assessing memory and attention. The rCMRglu for prefrontal lateral cortex were negatively correlated to Stroop‐test subscores. This “frontal‐oriented” task assessed the ability of OCS to inhibit immediate but inappropriate responses. These results suggest, in OCS, a modification of the general activating systems of cortical function and a relationship between the lateral prefrontal rCMRglu decrease and a selective atte

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study explored the relationship between level of expressed emotion (EE) and level of family burden in 20 families of individuals with psychotic disorder. Results indicated that a relationship between EE and family burden did exist, but it appeared to be strongly influenced by demographic and illness‐related variables. The usefulness of the 5‐min speech sample method of assessing EE was limited by the aversion of some family members to being videotaped and by denial of patient symptoms by some relatives. Other methodological weaknesses are discussed. The relationship between demographic and illness‐related variables and level of EE needs further explor

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY