摘要:

This study investigated the leukocyte T helper and T suppressor‐cytotoxic cell (sub)set profile of minor, simple major and melancholic depressives versus normal controls. Using both monoclonal antibody staining and flow cytometry, we determined the absolute numbers and percentages of the following T cell immune subsets: T helper (CD4+), T virgin (CD4+CD45+), T memory (CD4+CD45‐), T suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8+), CD8+T suppressor (CD8+CD57‐) and CD8+T cytotoxic (CD8+CD57+) cells. After computing the CD4+/CD8+ratio, we detected a significantly increased ratio in depressed patients as compared with healthy controls. Depression per se is characterized by a higher percentage of CD4+and a lower percentage of CD8+CD57‐cells. Melancholic depressed subjects exhibit a significantly increased number of CD4+and CD4+CD45‐cells. The combined use of various percentages of CD4+and CD8+(sub)sets yields a high degree of marker positivity for melancholia: through cumulative evaluation of those percentages, the marker positivity increases to 68% (sensitivity) and the specificity is 95%. These results together with our previous reports may refer to a depression‐related state of T cell

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We determined the prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia in a large sample of students attending a secondary school on the island of São Miguel (Azores) using the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, which enabled us to collect the information necessary to make DSM‐III diagnoses. Although the prevalence of anorectic and bulimic behaviour was rather high, the partial syndrome of anorexia nervosa was found in only 0.48% of the students (0.76% for girls and 0.17% for boys) and the syndrome of bulimia in only 0.16% (0.30% of the girls; there were no boys with bulimia). The overall prevalence of eating disorders, including partial syndromes, was rather low (0.64%). These results stand in sharp contrast to reports that eating disorders are common and probably getting more common. The low prevalence found in the present survey is probably due to the absence of sociocultural pressures to control eating and weig

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03293.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A total of 151 outpatients with endogenous or mixed endogenous and reactive depression were included in a 6‐week double‐blind study, with extension for up to 1 year, in psychiatric practice. The results showed trends in efficacy variables and a statistically significant difference in a benefit‐risk ratio in favour of paroxetine (Seroxat®, Paxil®) compared with imipramine. Efficacy was largely maintained in both groups during long‐term treatment. The frequency and severity of side effects in paroxetine patients declined markedly from short‐term to long‐term treatment, whereas changes in imipramine patients were less pronounced. Significantly more imipramine patients gained weight during long‐term treatment. In conclusion, paroxetine is an effective and well tolerated antidepressant, well suited for outpatients in psych

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03294.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It was expected from deinstitutionalization that outpatient care could replace hospital care. But many empirical studies proved that the number of admissions to psychiatric hospitals rose when community‐based care developed. This might be due to the lack of coordination and cooperation of extramural services. The concept of case management therefore originated in the last few years. In this study the effect of case management on the rehospitalization rate is examined by analyzing the data of 4 social‐psychiatric services responsible for defined catchment areas. During the evaluation period of 2.5 years, 162 patients dismissed from psychiatric hospitals were referred to those services. For each of these index patients a matched control patient was identified, each identical in diagnosis, sex, age, living conditions and number of previous inpatient episodes. The results of a survival analysis show that there are no significant effects of case management on the rate of rehospitalization nor on the length of time in hospital in case of a rehospitalizat

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03295.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to have renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone (RAA) abnormalities caused by abnormal behaviors such as strict dieting, fasting, vigorous exercise, self‐induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics. Adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II (A II) was studied in 13 AN patients before and after therapy and in 6 normal sex‐ and age‐matched controls: adrenal responses to postural change (1 h of walking following 1 h in a supine position) and to exogenous A II injection (A II: 10 ng/kg/min intravenous infusion for 30 min). The 24‐h urine sodium concentration was significantly lower in AN patients before therapy than after therapy. Plasma aldosterone secretory response to A II was significantly higher in AN patients before therapy in both postural change and exogenous A II injection tests compared with after therapy response and that of controls. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in adrenal response to postural change or to exogenous A II between AN patients after therapy and controls. In conclusion, increased A II sensitivity caused by chronic sodium deficiency in AN patients normalized over time as the patient

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03296.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Phosphorus‐31 chemical shift imaging showed regional abnormalities ofin vivo31P NMR spectra in the brains of chronic schizophrenic patients. In the left temporal region, the level of % phosphodiesters (PDE) was increased and the level of %γαβ‐ATP (obtained by summation of γ‐ATP, α‐ATP, and β‐ATP) was decreased. In the basal ganglia, the levels of % PDE were decreased and the level of % phosphomonoesters was increased. The levels of %γαβ‐ATP were increased in the right basal ganglia. The level of % phosphocreatine was decreased in the frontoparietal region. These findings may represent different patterns of dysfunction of membrane phospholipid bilayers and high‐energy phosphate metabolism in the spe

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03297.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) has been translated into Swedish and tested in 88 chronic schizophrenic patients. All 4 subscales exhibited a roughly normal distribution. The overall α for the positive, negative and general psychopathology subscales were 0.81, 0.58 and 0.63, respectively. The correlation between the positive and negative subscales was ‐0.17 (NS). The interrater reliability was 0.73–0.75 for the positive, 0.65–0.74 for the negative and 0.75‐0.77 for the general psychopathology subscales. The intraclass coefficients were 0.75‐0.77 for the positive, 0.27‐0.46 for the negative, 0.56‐0.72 for the general psychopathology subscales and 0.66‐0.71 for the total scale. Thus, the validity and reliability of the PANSS (Swedish version) are qu

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03298.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a study of psychotherapy in schizophrenic patients, the existence of certain clinical and anamnestic variables, such as persistent auditory hallucinations, was found to correlate with a negative outcome. To test whether these clinical variables could be a sign of organic brain abnormality, the records of 33 schizophrenic patients who had been examined by computerized tomography (CT) were investigated regarding the occurrence of these symptoms. A significant correlation was found between width of the third ventricle and the occurrence of such auditory hallucinations, which also persisted between acute phases. No correlation was found between the CT measures and other clinical characteristics, including hallucinations rated at admission by the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). The results are interpreted to suggest a disturbance of diencephalic brain regions in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients that are further characterized by persistent auditory hallucinations and a lack of response to psychodynamic psychotherapy.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03299.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty‐nine inpatients who had attempted suicide were studied by means of the Meta‐Contrast Technique (MCT), a projective test measuring personality factors, especially defensive strategies. The patients were divided into 3 subgroups, one of which was defined as stereotypy only, which denotes stereotypy (perceptual retardation) without any other coded defenses. At follow‐up 7 of 8 completed suicides belonged to this subgroup and they matched various main diagnoses according to DSM‐III‐R. When the MCT findings of all patients were compared with 99 depressed inpatients from a previous study, the latter group more often had mature defensive strategies. In both investigations most completed suicides were found in the stereotypy only group. Our findings indicate that, regardless of psychiatric diagnosis, stereotypy without other defenses in MCT predict

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03300.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

HMPAO‐single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) is a useful technique in studying cerebral blood flow (CBF). This method is suitable to evaluate the differences of CBF with reference to total sleep deprivation (TSD) within 24 h because of the short half‐life of the radiopharmaceutical compound. In the present study, CBF before and after TSD was analysed in patients suffering from major depression. The morning before and after TSD, Tc‐HMPAO‐SPECT was performed in 20 patients. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores and subjective ratings were obtained daily. Eleven patients responded to TSD; 9 were nonresponders. The main finding was a significant left temporal and mainly right parietal increase of CBF, which was observed in the responders only. CBF values and the severity of depression correlated in

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03301.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY