ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08997.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present paper will review and discuss researchissues and findings of recent corss‐cultural studies of severe mental disorders. The paper is divided into two main sections. The first section will discuss: (1) the concept of culture, (2) hierarchical levels of human behavior determinants, (3) the cultural variability continuum, and (4) the concept of self. The second section will discuss: (1) epidemiology, (2) culture and clinical phenomenology in severe disorders, and (3) culture as an etiological determinant. The paper closes with a discussion of some conclusions and suggestions for future researc

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08998.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIf national differences in psychiatric morbidity could be established, this information could guide us towards greater understanding of psychopathology and perhaps aid in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of psychiatric disorders. Obstacles to determining national differences include application of epidemiological concepts in psychiatry, diagnostic criteria and reliability, sampling and data collection problems, and factors affecting rates which are not constant across nations (e.g., mortality associated with psychiatric disorder, migration). Despite these problems, four diagnostic entities are considered from the standpoint of national differences (i.e., schizophrenia, substance abuse, mental retardation, and pathoplastic or “culture bound” disorders). Three examples of social or “supra‐diagnostic” problems relevant to national differences in psychiatric morbidity are also addressed: youth as a high risk group, homeless mentally ill, and adversive

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08999.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSome literature on the significance of culture on psychiatric phenomenology and also literature on psychiatric phenomenology in immigrants, particularly in Great Britain, are reviewed. It is pointed out that paranoid and religious phenomenology is particularly common in some immigrant groups and that this can be understood to some extent as a reflection of cultural factors. In order to elucidate more the role of culture in psychiatric phenomenology in immigrants to Great Britain the socio‐cultural backgrounds of the immigrants and in particular the Africans, the West Indians and the Asians are discussed in some details. The phenomenology of psychiatric illness as recorded in a hospital based population of diverse cultural backgrounds in a London hospital was studied to see if any variations across the various cultural groups could be understood in terms of cultural factors. It was found that paranoid and religious phenomenology was more associated with African and West Indian groups for cultural reasons rather than their socio‐environmental and racial status in Britain. Paranoia was directed to fellow immigrants rather than to the host population. It is concluded that paranoia and religious phenomenology do not necessarily have the same clinical significance in various cultural groups. It is also pointed out that hallucinations, and in particular auditory hallucinations and First Rank Symptoms of schizophrenia, which have assumed diagnostic significance in some cultures, may not necessarily have the same significance in other cultu

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09000.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the evolution of psychiatric nosologies in North America and the major epidemiological surveys of Mental Disorders culminating with the recently completed National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area project (NIMH‐ECA). The NIMH‐ECA examined the prevalence of diagnosable (DSM III) Mental disorders in 5 U.S. communities utilizing a highly structured diagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Data from the Los Angeles ECA, one of five study sites are presented with particular emphasis on cross‐cultural comparison (Mexican Americans versus Non Hispanic Whites). Overall, there were only a few cross‐cultural differences in prevalence of specific diagnoses. Mexico‐born Mexican Americans showed a lower prevalence for most disorders examined than their U.S. born counterparts, and a subgroup of Mexican‐American women (those over the age of 40) showed higher rates of phobic and dysthymic disorders as well as a greater number of functional somatic symptoms than o

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe paper deals with three problem areas regarding depression and suicide in traditional society; 1) What is the relation between the depression and suicide? 2) Is there any illness like depression all over the world? 3) What do we know about suicide in traditional societies? The author agrees with Durkheim's classical conclusion that the incidence of suicide in a society has no clear correlation with the prevalence of mental disorders and no clear correlation with different forms of mental disorders. There are a number of studies showing that depressive syndromes exist in traditional societies. However, there is a clear difference in symtomatology between different cultures which might be the result of differences in the conception of illness. The suicide rate is generally very low in traditional societies.The ultimate solution to an unbearable life situation is apparently known to all human cultures and the suicide rate is an important indication in every society of the existential conditions of life.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe question whether schizophrenia occurs in similar forms in different populations and cultures was first raised by Kraepelin at the turn of the century. However, methodological difficulties have impeded for decades the development of comparative cross‐cultural research, and it was not until the 1960s that investigations of the kind Kraepelin envisaged became feasible. A major role in launching multi‐centre clinical and epidemiological studies of schizophrenia in over 20 countries in different parts of the world has been played by the World Health Organization. The WHO studies have demonstrated that: (I) syndromes of schizophrenia occur in all cultures and geographical areas investigated; (II) their rate of incidence is very similar in the different populations; (III) the course and prognosis of schizophrenia is extremely variable, but outcome is significantly better in the developing countries. These findings have fundamental implications for the conceptualization of schizophrenia and for designing strategies of new resea

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRCT‐The managerial structure of collaborative studies is usually not described in reports presenting results from such investigations. The same is true about the experience obtained in the day to day conduct of such studies. Ethical rules which should govern collaboration between individuals and centres are rarely spelled out. The paper presents an outline of WHO's mental health programme and proposes, on the basis of experience obtained in the course of several WHO multicentric international studies, a set of guidelines concerning ethical aspects of scientific collaboration involving several centres or team

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper illustrates some important socio‐cultural aspects of postnatal depression with particular reference to my research in East Africa. Evidence is reviewed that in many non Western countries post‐partum rituals are still carried out and the hypothesis that the absence of such routine behaviours increases the likelihood of postnatal depression is examined. The lack of obstetric and family rituals may for example lower a mothers self esteem, stress the marital relationship, and can represent an ambivalent social status. The need to investigate this socio‐cultural dimension of postnatal illness in collaboration with Medical Anthropologists is out

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBehaviour disorders in children of different ages have been studied in three different countries, Sweden, Sudan and Nigeria. In each country both urban and rural areas were included. The same methods and procedures were applied. The similarities of frequencies of behaviourally disturbed children were more striking than the differences. Rural children generally had less behaviour problems than urban ones. The frequencies of various stress factors known to co‐vary with behaviour problems in children in the different localities could not alone explain the results. Specific stress‐reducing, supportive factors in the cultures of the two African areas were discus

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY