摘要:

ABSTRACTNeuropeptide Y (NPY) was first discovered and characterized as a 36‐amino‐acid peptide neurotransmitter in 1982. It is widely distributed in the central nervous system, with particularly high concentrations within several limbic and cortical regions. A number of co‐localizations with other neuromessengers such as noradrenaline, somatostatin, and gamma‐aminobutyric acid have been demonstrated. A large number of physiological and pharmacological actions of NPY have been suggested. Recent clinical data also suggest the involvement of NPY in several neuropsychiatric illnesses, particularly in depressive and anxiety states. This article gives a comprehensive review of central distribution of NPY and its receptors, co‐localizations and interactions with other neuromessengers, genetic aspects, pharmacological and physiological actions, influence on neuroendocrine functions, and possible involvement in various neuropsychiatric

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA total of 104 suicides among women were investigated by means of a modified psychological autopsy, including interviews with survivors and a review of somatic and psychiatric records. Diagnosis according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) showed that 35% were suffering from a major depressive disorder during their final month and another 24% were also depressed; 12% were substance abusers and 14% had adjustment disorders. Two thirds had attempted suicide and another 23% had communicated suicidality in other ways. Slightly more than half of the women had been psychiatric inpatients and another 19% had at some time been outpatients. Fifty‐seven percent had been psychiatric inpatients or outpatients during the final year of life. An increasing number of life events occurred during the final 6 months. In most cases the depressed women had been treated ineffectively with antidepressant drug

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article describes the interactions between patients and between patients and staff in 4 psychiatric wards. Two of the wards are acute admission units and 2 are for long‐stay chronic patients. The hospital is diagnostically streamed so that not only does the average length of stay vary between wards but so, for one ward, does the predominant diagnostic group. Patient interactions were analysed in terms of 5 major interactional categories: individual verbal, individual nonverbal, group verbal, group nonverbal and physical. The results show that, although there was little change in the overall level of verbal interaction as a function of chronicity, there were large shifts in patient‐patient and staff‐patient interaction rates. Variations between the 4 wards on the 4 other interactional categories are explained in terms of the known diagnostic characteristics of the pat

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA cohort of all first admissions to New Zealand psychiatric hospitals and psychiatric wards of general hospitals in 1980 and 1981 was followed up for 5 years. The cohort consisted of 3875 males and 3965 females aged from 15 to 64 years. Of these subjects, 59.4% had only one admission; 14.6% met our criteria for a revolving‐door patient, as they had 4 or more admissions within the 5‐year follow‐up period. Based on first‐admission information, patients who were younger and had a psychotic diagnosis had an increased likelihood of becoming a revolving‐door patient. Stepwise logistic regression showed that younger age and psychotic diagnosis inde pendently and in interaction were associated with a high probability of becoming a revolving‐door patient. Although patients with a first‐admission diagnosis of schizophrenia constitute a large group of the new revolving‐door patients for both males and females, for women those with affective disorders and for men those with substance abuse comprise the largest proportion of the new revolving‐door patients. This is because affective disorders in women and substance abuse in men are the most common diagnoses on first admission, rather than because the disorders themselves are associated with a high probability of the patients having mul

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article reports a study of the prevalence of schizophrenia in 3 counties in Ireland based on case‐register data and using a standardized diagnostic instrument – the Present State Examination. The estimate of prevalence varies depending on the criteria of schizophrenia employed. A middle‐range estimate of 3.9 per 1000 population does not differ substantially from previous estimates of prevalence obtained elsewhere. Over 60% of all schizophrenic prevalence patients and over half of schizophrenic inpatients did not score as cases, suggesting that the continued hospitalization of symptomatically recovered cases has given rise to the mistaken impression that the prevalence of schizophrenia is unduly high in Ireland. The work reported here indicates substantial differences between the results of case ascertainment by hospital admission data compared with those arrived at by standardized interview diagnostic techn

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo cases of reactive psychosis occurring over the age of 65 are briefly reported. The role of organic impairment and evaluation of previous psychiatric illness in the diagnosis of reactive psychosis in elderly people is discussed. In addition, a brief review of the relevant Scandinavian literature is provided.

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAlcohol consumption was recorded for 2390 spouses and 498 children of age 18 or above living with their parents. The spouse correlation was 0.67, whereas parent‐offspring and sibling correlations were all close to 0.35. This family correlation structure implies an upper limit for heritability of 0.44. The design does not permit a separation of effect of cultural (environmental) and genetic transmission in families, but comparisons with previous heritability analyses suggest that heritability is in fact close to the upper limit, implying little or no cultural transmission. There were virtually no correlations between alcohol consumption and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Nor did consumption correlate substantially with symptoms in first‐degree relatives. These results do not support hypotheses of common genetic nor even of common environmental determinants for alcohol consumption and mental disord

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTOne hundred people with autistic disorder (DSM‐III‐R) without a known cause who comprised a total population of children with autism were compared with “autistic‐like” children, Asperger syndrome and age‐matched comparison children from the general population and were examined with regard to month of birth. There was an excess of March birth in the group of children with autism. The possible reasons for this finding ar

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn 1975, a community mental health (CMH) centre with most of its resources channelled to outpatient services was set up in a defined catchment area of 75,000 inhabitants near Stockholm. In 1981, the CMH centre was allocated 3 inpatient wards of its own. An outpatient unit to treat long‐term psychotic patients was also built up from existing resources. Emergency cases were directed to the primary health care services or to the emergency department of a hospital. During the same period, the number of doctors in the area's primary health care services increased fourfold. The social, demographic and diagnostic composition of the patient population and its utilization of in‐ and outpatient care in connection with these organizational changes are described. The population of the cathment area increased by 12.5% and the patient population decreased by 40%. The decrease was particularly great among first‐time visitors (– 54%), patients from lower social groups (– 53%) and those with crisis diagnosis (– 71%). The number of patients with psychoses increased (+ 26%). Outpatient visits and hospital utilization increased by one third. The number of compulsory admissions increased by 20% (still being far below the mean number in Stockholm). The decrease in the patient population is attributed to the reduction in accessibility to the CMH centre at a time when primary care services in the area were undergoing a sizeable expansion. The increased care utilization is the result of an internal redistribution of resources in favour of resource‐demanding, long‐term psy

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to establish whether prolonged withdrawal symptoms after stopping intake of benzodiazepines is caused by return of anxiety, hysteria, abnormal illness behaviour or the dependence process itself producing perhaps a prolonged neurotransmitter imbalance, a group of such patients suffering prolonged withdrawal symptoms (PWS) was compared on a range of psychophysiological measures with matched groups of anxious and conversion hysteria patients and normal controls. It was found that the psychophysiological markers of anxiety were not marked in the PWS group; nor were the averaged evoked response abnormalities found to be associated with cases of hysterical conversion in evidence. The PWS group were hard to distinguish from normal controls on the basis of psychophysiological measures and thus it was felt to be unlikely to be an affective disturbance. It was concluded that PWS is likely to be a genuine iatrogenic condition, a complication of long‐term benzodiazepine treatmen

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY