摘要:

There is a growing body of literature suggesting that some schizophrenic subjects have evidence of immune activation. One marker that has been consistently elevated in studies is the serum‐soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (SIL‐2R). This article reports the results of 2 experiments: the first compares concentrations of serum SIL‐2R in neuroleptic‐naive schizophrenic patients and matched controls, and the second study contrasts serum SIL‐2R concentrations in medicated schizophrenic subjects with and without tardive dyskinesia. Serum SIL‐2R concentrations were elevated in neuroleptic‐naive schizophrenic subjects as compared with controls (1705.7 (SD 1124.2) U/mlvs739.8 (SD 325.5) U/ml). Medicated subjects with tardive dyskinesia had increased serum SIL‐2R levels (2385.5 (SD 1822.0) U/ml) compared with medicated subjects without tardive dyskinesia (1259.6 (SD 1365.3) U/ml). Thus, elevations in serum SIL‐2R levels are present prior to neuroleptic treatment, and there may be an association between serum SIL‐2Rs a

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Clinical, electroencephalographic and biochemical variables were measured in 40 patients who attempted suicide and 27 age‐matched controls. Patients had significantly higher scores for depression, hopelessness, neuroticism and psychoticism and lower scores for extraversion than controls. They also had significantly lower contingent negative variation (CNV), higher postimperative negative variation and lower whole blood serotonin values than controls. Within the patient group, vulnerability to parasuicide, as determined by previous or repeated acts of deliberate self‐harm, was associated with higher scores for hopelessness and suicide intent, lower scores for extraversion and decreased CNV. Factor analysis revealed significant correlations between psychological variables and auditory evoked potential amplitudes for the vulnerable group. A profile of variables associated with increased risk of self‐harm in patients presenting with attempted suicide is proposed from our

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study set out to investigate the utility of 4 often referred to behavioural antecedents of suicide attempts ‐ suicide ideation, plans, threats and deliberate self‐harm ‐ in the prediction of suicide attempts and the identification of suicide attempters and nonattempters among adolescents. A total of 156 male and 151 female students aged between 14 and 17 years (mean = 15.8) attending one randomly chosen metropolitan state high school completed a questionnaire concerning a number of aspects of suicidal behaviour. The findings indicated that suicide ideation, plans and threats, and deliberate self‐harm are associated with suicide attempting and that a combination of suicide plans and deliberate self‐harm present a particularly worrying mixture. Further, a composite index of suicidality was demonstrated to have some utility in the identification of suicide attempters and nonattempters. These findings add further weight of evidence to the suggestion that adolescents who enter the spectrum of suicide behaviours are at high risk of making a suicide attempt, although this requires further investigation in a prospect

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ninety first‐episode patients fulfilling ICD‐9 criteria for schizophrenia were followed up prospectively for 10 years. Complete assessments were possible on 76. The pattern of illness was good in 67% of the cases, and the commonest patterns was one with recurrent episodes. Predictors of poor course and longer time spent in psychosis were identified. All positive and negative symptoms showed a steep decline at the end of 10 years. The results are discussed in the context of longitudinal research on the course of schizophrenia in developing countr

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cross‐cultural phenomenology is one method of studying mental disorders such as schizophrenia. There are few data of this nature available on Australian aborigines. Using a retrospective medical record review of 39 matched pairs of aboriginal and nonaboriginal patients discharged as schizophrenic from a psychiatric hospital, this study investigated whether any phenomenological differences, using DSM‐III‐R criteria, existed between the two groups. Of all criteria, bizarre delusions, social deterioration, illness duration and organic exclusion were statistically significant, with fewer aboriginal subjects having documentation for each of these variables. Possible explanations for these findings, including intergroup phenomenological differences and assessment variation, are disc

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examines a self‐report version of the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale according to Axis V (GAF self‐report). The sample (n= 73) was a psychiatric outpatient population from a catchment area clinic. Patients with psychotic and organic mental disorders were not included. The diagnostic distribution on Axis I was similar to the findings from previous studies. Axis II disorders were identified among 47%, of whom a majority also had a concomitant Axis I disorder. The mean GAF expert score was 66.5 (range: 48–86). High complexity and severity of disorders and a high number of fulfilled Axis II criteria were significantly associated with low GAF scores. Independent expert ratings on GAF were correlated with the GAF self‐report overall atr= 0.62, varying from 0.45 to 0.91 between different diagnostic groups. In general, the patients scored themselves lower (mean: ‐ 4.4 units) than expert ratings. Patients with depressive symptoms from an adjustment disorder or mood disorder were most prone to underestimation. Women also tended to score themselves lower than experts did. Conclusively, the GAF self‐report turned out to be a valid and reliable unidimensional instrument measuring psychological, social and occupational functioning. The GAF is easy to handle, and with a self‐report version as a complement, Axis V could be more frequently used in future clinical practice

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nationally registered suicide mortality data for South Africa (1984–1986) were analysed. There were 5448 deaths (1.3%) due to suicide in this period. Proportional mortality and mean annual suicide mortality rates were highest for whites, followed by Asians and then coloureds. The proportional mortality for blacks was similar to that of coloureds. Suicide was relatively prominent as a cause of death for Asian females (15–24 years). For whites, the most commonly used method of suicide was firearms. Except for coloured females, hanging was the most common method used for the other population groups. Political, economic, and religious factors may account for some of the differences. Cultural factors may explain the findings for young Asian females. There is a need for strict gun control legislat

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study was conducted to survey the prescribing practices of neuroleptic doses in 100 consecutively hospitalized DSM‐III‐R schizophrenic patients. The relationship between doses and clinical and symptomatological variables was subsequently analyzed. Patients were evaluated through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The peak mean dose in chlorpromazine equivalents was 1290 (range 250–7200). Haloperidol was the most commonly employed neuroleptic (67 patients). Neuroleptic doses were correlated with excitement, suspiciousness, hostility, uncooperativeness and poor impulse control. The neuroleptic doses administered in our hospital were similar to those found in other survey reports but higher than those recommended by the controlled dose‐response studies. The correlation found between neuroleptic doses and symptoms of disruptive behavior suggests that we employed high‐dose practices to treat the disruptive symptoms of schizophrenia. We concluded that it is useful to distinguish between the neuroleptic doses required to control the psychotic episode and those to treat the disruptive

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A double‐blind, randomized study of parallel group design comparing remoxipride and thioridazine (dose range 150–600 mg/day of either drug) was undertaken at 11 Australian centres. A total of 144 patients (remoxipride = 73, thioridazine = 71) with DSM‐III‐R schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder commenced the study, and 89 patients (remoxipride = 45, thioridazine = 44) completed the 6 weeks of the trial. The mean daily doses at last rating were 404 mg (remoxipride) and 378 mg (thioridazine). Initial Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores decreased by a mean 8.7 points in both remoxipride and thioridazine groups. Equivalent treatment responses were also confirmed by Clinical Global Impression. During the study, sedatives or hypnotics were needed by 68% of the remoxipride patients and 51% of the thioridazine patients. Thioridazine was associated with more postural hypotension, drowsiness, increased sleep, headache, dizziness on rising, dry mouth, sexual dysfunction and weight gain, while remoxipride patients reported more insomnia. There were no differences between remoxipride and thioridazine on dystonia, hypokinesia, dyskinesia, rigidity and akathisia. The results indicate that remoxipride has similar antipsychotic efficacy to thioridazine but causes fewer side

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The prevalence of mental disorders in 76 first‐degree relatives (parents and nontwin siblings) of 33 subjects with anxiety disorder was compared with the prevalence of mental disorders in 45 first‐degree relatives of 20 subjects with mood disorder and 13 first‐degree relatives of 6 subjects with psychoactive substance use disorder. All subjects were personally interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R Axis I (SCID I). Interrater reliability was high for most diagnoses. Significantly more first‐degree relatives of subjects with anxiety disorder had panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder compared with relatives of probands with mood disorder. Significantly more female than male relatives of anxiety subjects suffered from anxiety disorders; there were no gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in relatives of mood and psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) subjects. The combination of anxiety and mood disorder was overrepresented in first‐degree relatives of subjects with the same type of comorbidity. In relatives of subjects with mixed anxiety and psychoactive substance use disorder, but no mood disorder, there was an overrepresentation of PSUD; mainly alcohol abuse

ISSN:0001-690X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY