摘要:

ABSTRACT.Metabolic response to human milk feeding was studied in 12 appropriate (AGA) and 12 small for gestational age (SGA) infants of very low birthweight (VLBW) on the eighth day of life. Protein intake ranged from 1.98 to 2.47 g/kg/day and caloric intake from 94 to 126 kcal/kg/day with no significant differences between the groups. Alpha‐amino‐nitrogen, the total bile acid concentration in serum and total‐ as well as alpha‐amino‐nitrogen excretion in the urine were estimated. The alpha‐amino‐nitrogen and the total bile acid concentration in serum increased with increasing degree of intrauterine growth retardation. Also renal total‐and alpha‐amino‐nitrogen excretion increased significantly in relation to the degree of intrauterine growth retardation. Thus, despite a relatively low protein intake in severely growth retarded VLBW‐infants, metabolic changes could be found similar to those observed in AGA‐infants on high protein intakes. The data suggest that during the first weeks of postnatal life VLBW‐infants with intrauterine growth retardation have a decreased capacity to utilize or to metabolize protein when compared to AGA‐infants with comparable birth‐weights. These metabolic differences have to be considered in the nutrition

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Birth is more than just the physical beginning of a new life — it is also the start of the psychosocial development of the newborn infant together with its family. Immediately after delivery parents and infants can start to exchange signals that maybe are of major importance for this development. The early post partum period has been regarded to have great potentials and especially the mother has been regarded to play a very powerful role, whereas the infant's contribution has been accorded little discussion. The individual reactive capacity of the newborn baby and its influence on the environment can be illustrated in a number of ways. In recent years studies of fetal movements have been made by means of ultra sound registration and it has been discussed whether these are precursors of later behavior in the neonate‐infant. The transition at birth can be considered either to be continuous or discontinuous, the outcome of this discussion has great bearing on the importance of early neonate‐environment interactions.Short and long term outcome of different routine care procedures around the time of delivery and transition are controversial subjects. Although several studies support the importance of early post delivery interaction, other studies do not seem to find correlations between early experiences and later developmental outcome measurements. In this paper several of these aspects will be discussed, examples from the literature given and possible clinical applications suggested, as well as their impact on the care of healthy and sick newborns and their fam

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10858.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTGrowth in Turner's syndrome can be divided into four phases: intrauterine growth is slightly retarded, normal growth occurs up to a hone age of about 3 years, with a tendency to compensate for the loss in growth during intrauterine life, stunting of growth is severe during childhood, after a hone age of about 10 years — the time when puberty normally starts ‐ the growth phase is prolonged, hut total height gain is not essentially reduced. Based on a study of 150 patients with Turner's syndrome whose spontaneous growth was observed, standards of height and height velocity (means and SDs) were calculated to allow mathematical analysis of the spontaneous growth and growth during treatment in these patients. The auxological characteristics in Turner's syndrome do not support the assumption that GH deficiency playsa primary role in the pathogenesis of the growth disor

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10796.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Colostrum, mature milk, and paired plasma samples were obtained from 10 postpartum women who had not been previously studied. The geometric mean concentration of IgG4 in colostrum (3.3 μg/ml) was similar to the mean concentration in mature milk (3.0 μg/ml). The arithmetic mean for the percent of IgG = IgG4 was 10.3±3.3% for colostrum, 10.3±3.1% for mature milk, 2.6±0.3% for early plasma, and 1.7±0.3% for later plasma. Local mammary production of immunoglobulin was determined by subtracting the estimated serum contribution from the measured concentration in colostrum or milk. Evidence for local mammary production of IgG4 was found in 5 of 10 colostrum samples and 8 of 10 mature milk samples. These observations indicate that the previously observed selective enrichment of IgG4 in colostrum is also true for mature milk. These are the first studies suggesting continued local production of any immunoglobulin other than IgA in mature human breast

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Mothers who delivered in a large Maternity hospital and who represented a large proportion of the obstetric population in Riyadh are described. The mothers were characterized by a high material standard of living, by adequate energy reserves at confinement, by a low rate of pregnancy complications and preterm birth, and by the absence of smoking and of hard physical work during pregnancy. The mothers were also, however, characterized by pregnancies occurring at the extremes of the reproductive age, by short birth intervals, by short maternal stature, by low educational attainment, by poor utilization of antenatal services and by a high rate of previous infant loss, that is by characteristics previously found to consitute riskfactors for adverse perinatal outcome.

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10869.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.In a longitudinal pilot study on the course of the PCB concentration in human milk during six months of lactation, some important PCB determinants could be studied in 23 women and their infants. PCB values were within the range of those found in the literature. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the association of the mean PCB concentration over the first half year of lactation with maternal parameters, such as age, height, weight, previous lactation period, education, occupation, residence, smoking, drinking and dietary habits as well as the infant parameters gestational age, birthweight and weight gain in the first six months of life. Since the PCB concentration on fat basis and the fat content of the milk were strongly inversely related, statistical analyses were carried out both on fat and on milk basis. In univariate analyses the PCB concentration on fat basis was most strongly associated with pre‐ versus post‐pregnancy weight gain, age and occupation. After multiple regression analysis PCB concentration on fat basis remained significantly associated with weight gain changes and remained borderline (p<0.10) significantly related with occupation. The pre‐pregnancy Quetelet Index of the mother (height/weight2) and the estimated PCB content of the diet (primarily fish) were strongly correlated with the PCB concentration on milk basis. Only the Quetelet Index remained significantly related after multiple regression ana

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10859.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The clinical response and changes in water and salt homeostasis were studied daring oral rehydration therapy (ORT) with a solution containing 90 mmol sodium per I (ORS90) in 9 infants less than 2 months old (range 2–60 days). Two infants were still dehydrated 36 hours after starting ORT and were excluded from the study. Fluid was retained more rapidly and also to a larger extent than in infants of the same age treated with a solution with a sodium concentration of 60 mmol/l (ORS60). The stool sodium output was higher than that found previously in infants of the same age treated with ORS60. We conclude that during ORT the gut plays an active role in the regulation of salt homeostasis. When the sodium intake is high the percentage of sodium remaining unabsorbed is higher than when the intake is low. This mechanism reduces the risk of hypematremia in young infants treated with ORS90. The study thus demonstrates that ORS90is effective and also seems to be safe in the treatment of neonates and young infants with dehydration secondary to diarrhoea if fluid intake is kept around 200 ml/kg/day during the rehydration perio

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10798.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Preprandial plasma amino acid concentrations were measured at 5 and 6 months of age in 30 healthy term infants who were either breast‐fed ad libitum or fed one of two different formulas (1.9 g of protein per 100 ml with a whey: casein ratio of 50:50; 2.9 g of protein per 100 ml with a whey: casein ratio of 20:80) ad libitum, plus the same supplementary food regimen. The mean plasma concentrations of total amino acids and especially total essential amino acids were higher in the formula‐fed infants. Those fed formula also had plasma concentrations of methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, threonine, aspartate, proline, lysine, tyrosine, histidine that exceeded plasma concentrations of breast‐fed infants by 2 or more standard deviations. Concentrations of arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine, ornithine, serine, cystine did not differ and taurine was higher in the breast‐fed infants. The data indicate that formulas in common use today during weaning (4–6 months) provide excessive protein intakes when compared to the breast‐fed control infants. A lowering of protein concentration and a further manipulation of the whey: casein ratio is necessary if plasma amino acid patterns similar to those found in breast‐fed infants is to be achieved with artif

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY