摘要:

ABSTRACT.The relation between weight and age in the two years following conception describes a gentle S‐shaped curve. Between 28 weeks’gestation and 18 weeks’postnatal age the relationship appears linear, indicating a uniform incremental weight gain. The linear part of this curve has been used to help select an arbitrary reference line to reflect the normal average growth of a healthy population during this period. The flattening in the fetal growth curve usually observed after 40 weeks’gestation is considered to be due to the constraint of fetal growth and is therefore ignored. Arguments are advanced for believing that there is a normal distribution of weight around the central tendency at this time, and that, for practical purposes, normally growing fetuses and infants have an almost identical potential growth velocity during this period and differ for the most part only in the weight they have achieved at 28 weeks’gestation. Using these assumptions a versatile reference chart for international use has been created that is easy to remember and to construct. Allowance may be made for biologic variables such as sex and maternal height. It may be used to categorize groups of infants, to study longitudinal growth following delivery, as well as to compare different po

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10129.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The role of psychic risk factors in the early history of atherosclerosis was studied in 3,596 Finnish children and adolescents, aged 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years. The family atmosphere, behavioural pattern and self‐esteem were tested. The results showed that the abuse of alcohol by the parents and daily smoking by the child were the factors most clearly indicating the existence of psychic problems. The results showed that boys manifested in every age group behaviour most disposed to coronary heart disease (CHD). Furthermore, low serum HDL‐cholesterol, high serum triglycerides, thick triceps skinfold and self‐esteem problems coexisted and they can be supposed to independently contribute to the aetiology o

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The cross‐sectional study of 1980 for atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents aimed at a wide coverage of the relevant relationships of the smoking behaviour to Socioeconomic and psychoSocial factors. The initiation and establishment of the smoking habits were primarily viewed as a function of the youngsters’main Socializing agents: the peer group and the family.A subpopulation comprising 1,790 children and adolescents aged 12, 15 and 18 years of the total sample was included in the study on smoking behaviour. The information on smoking habits was collected in connection with the medical examination in a solitary room where the youngsters could respond undisturbed. Data on the children's families were obtained by means of a general questionnaire filled out by the parents.The prevalence of daily smoking was 1 % in the 12‐year‐old, 10 % in the 15‐year‐old, and 30 % in the 18‐year‐old subjects. The best friend's behaviour was the best predictor of an adolescent's smoking behaviour, although the family had retained its role as an important model as regards the learning of smoking behaviour. Quitting school turned out to be a major event leading to an increased risk of becoming a habitual smoker. No clear associations between Socioeconomic status of the family and daily smoking were found, except that farmers’children had generally lower rates of daily smoking than children from other Socio‐economic groups. First contacts with tobacco formed part of a normal behaviour pattern at a certain age, and this experimentation was unrelated to a later regular habit. Smoking seemed to become part of a more general health behavioural pattern after the age of 15 in a

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The copper and zinc status of 3–18‐year‐old Finnish children was estimated by analysing 3,480 serum copper and zinc concentrations, 853 hair copper and 868 hair zinc concentrations. Both copper and zinc have been proposed to be connected with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, zinc is essential for normal growth and development. The mean serum copper concentration of 3‐year‐old children was 21.2 μmol/l and the concentration was significantly lower in older age groups. The average serum zinc concentration showed a narrow variation between 14.1 and 15.0 μmol/l in all age groups, nevertheless girls had significantly lower and boys higher values with increasing age. The distribution of hair copper concentration was skewed within the age groups; the median vaned between 9.7 μg/g and 29.8 μg/g for 3‐year‐old urban girls and 18‐year‐old rural girls, respectively. Some rural girls had exceptionally high hair copper levels. Hair zinc concentrations increased with age. In the three youngest age groups (3, 6 and 9 years) the distribution was skewed and the levels low compared with results from the USA where a zinc concentration below 30 μg/g is found to be associated with the zi

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Zinc and copper concentrations were analysed from cariesfree deciduous teeth of 125 Finnish children, 6–7‐ and 9–10‐year‐olds, from three cities. Enamel and dentine were separated and prepared into pills which were analysed individually with the proton induced x‐ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) method. The total mean (± SD) zinc concentrations for enamel and dentine were 143 ± 31 and 133 ± 36 ppm, respectively, and are in agreement with the values reported recently. The median copper concentration for enamel was 0.54 ppm with a range from 0.0 to 4.29 and for dentine 0.27 ppm with a range from 0.0 to 3.60 being among the lowest reported. The low copper values are interesting as to the possible association with the development of atherosclerosis. Geographical differences were noted between the zinc concentrations of the three cities, the children of Helsinki having significantly higher zinc values than the children of Kuopio and Oulu. No linear correlation was found between zinc and copper concentrations at the in

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Intimal thickenings of the coronary arteries were found in healthy children who died violently, of both sexes even in children under 5 years of age. The average incidence was 53 % of the 75 cases. Splitting of the internal elastic lamina was the primary finding, followed by local increase in smooth muscle cells. The thickening could occupy 50 % of the coronary lumen. The accumulation of esterified cholesterol in the coronary arteries began before the age of 10 years. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters suggests that they are derived from the blood. The question whether the thickenings are precursors of forthcoming coronary atheromas needs further detailed studies, especially in young adults.Key words: arterial wall lipids, atheroma precursors, intimal thickenings.

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Promotion in youth of lifestyles that are likely to result in optimum levels of cardiovascular risk factors is the basis for early prevention of cardiovascular diseases and promotion of health. Health behaviour is closely linked to the general lifestyle of any community. Thus for any long‐term major change, a community‐based approach is essential. Experience from the North Karelia project indicates that through a comprehensive community‐based programme, health behaviour and risk factor levels of a whole country could be changed, and that resulted in reduction of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the area. Studies among children carried out as part of the North Karelia project have shown that children's smoking rates and nutrition habits can be influenced and their serum cholesterol levels can be modified. At least in Finland, family‐based practical counselling and provision of Social support seems to be an effective strategy in changing the nutrition habits of both adults and children. No evidence has been observed to indicate that this type of intervention would have any harmful emotional consequences among children. A study to show the impact of risk factor modification on coronary heart disease risk in adulthood is hardly feasible and, instead, studies to test the feasibility and effects of different intervention approaches for influencing health related behaviour and risk factors in children and adolescents should be emp

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY