摘要:

Abstract.The optimum level and ratios of protein to be used in cow's milk formula has recently been under discussion. Healthy term infants were fed from birth exclusively human milk or a formula that varied in protein level or whey:casein ratio: (A) 1.4 g/dl; 55:45, (B) 1.5 g/dl; 55:45, (C) 1.3 g/dl; 55:45, (D) 1.4 g/dl; 60:40, (E) 1.4 g/dl; 20:80. Infants were followed for 12 weeks and blood samples were taken at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Anthropometric indices did not show any significant differences among groups. Plasma amino acid and BUN levels of the C group were closest to the breast‐fed group, while the formula with the highest protein level (B) resulted in high values for some amino acids. When comparing the formulas with 1.4 g protein/dl, the high casein group had the lowest plasma tryptophan levels. Taurine was added to all formulas at a level similar to that of breast milk; plasma taurine levels were similar for all groups. All formulas contained 0.7 mg iron and 0.7 mg zinc/dl; no differences were found among the groups in hematological indices or serum trace elements. These data show that feeding a formula with 1.3 g protein/dl and 55:45 whey: casein ratio from birth will result in growth and metabolic indices similar to those of breast‐fed infants, although some plasma amino acid levels are not identical, 1

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Infants, that had been formula‐fed from birth, were fed follow‐up formula with 1.5, 2.2 or 2.9 g protein/dl together with 25 g of cereal/day as supplemental food, or formula only (15 g/dl). Formulas were started at 4 months of age and daily intake, anthropometric measurements and plasma samples taken at 5, 6 and 7 months. Protein intake was 2.0, 3.0 and 3.7 g/kg/d, respectively. Growth data were similar for all groups, as were hemoglobin and serum protein values. BUN values for the group fed only formula with 1.5 g protein/dl were lower than for the group fed the same formula with cereals and the other groups. Plasma amino acids were not affected by the addition of the small amount of cereals to the formula with 1.5 g protein/dl, but significantly higher levels of valine, leucine and histidine were found at 7 months for infants fed the two higher protein levels. The highest protein level also appeared to have a negative effect on plasma zinc levels. These results suggest that a protein level of 1.5 g/dl in follow‐up formula (2.0 g/kg/d) is adequate during 4 to 7 months of age and that higher protein levels may be exce

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Knowledge of the sleep state is important in physiological studies since many physiological variables show different properties in different sleep states. The recently developed static charge sensitive bed (SCSB) method allows long‐term recordings of body movements, respiration and ballistocardiogram without electrodes attached to the subject. The recordings are easy to carry out and they do not disturb the subject in any way. The recorded variables are basic characteristics of different sleep states. SCSB‐recordings and electroencephalography (EEG) based polygraphy as well as blind sleep state scoring were carried out in 8 newborn infants. The positive correlation between SCSB‐scoring and EEG‐based polygraphy scored by two clinical neurophysiologists was 68.1 and 64.1%. Only in 2 % of all epochs was active sleep scored as quiet sleep or vice versa. The results indicate the usefulness of the SCSB method in sleep state scoring of newborn

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The effect of the intravenous glucose on plasma levels of glucagon and insulin were evaluated in thirty‐five LBW preterm infants who were appropriate for gestational age. Their mean birthweight and gestational age were 1220·55 g (range 750‐1730 g) and 29·1 weeks (range 25–35 weeks), respectively. A 30 min glucose infusion in 16 infants (1 g/kg b. w. in 30 min) caused a prompt and sustained suppression of plasma glucagon and a delayed but significant insulin release. The mean of the sum of maximal plasma glucagon decrements below the baseline was 173·42 pg/ml. In another 12 infants a significant fall in plasma glucagon and a variable but significant plasma insulin release also occurred throughout the 24 h study on continuous intravenous glucose (rate 2.4‐2.7 mg/kg/min). The mean of the sum of maximal plasma glucagon decrements below the baseline up to 12 h was 282·36 and was similar to that seen in the pre

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11457.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Interpretation of the prognostic value of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in preterm infants has been hampered by the lack of a uniform approach to research, especially in the definition and classification of the abnormal appearances. Defining normallty should be less controversial, but from a selected reading of the literature it is possible to gain quite varied impressions as to the prognostic value of normal ultrasound appearances. In order to determine the predictive value for normal development of consistently normal cranial ultrasound scans in the preterm baby, we have performed a meta‐analysis on all the published reports in the English language which provide follow‐up data on such cases. The overall prevalence of major disability among 1604, mainly very low birthweight, babies was 15%. The predictive value of a normal scan for freedom from major disability was 93% and the predictive value for an entirely normal outcome was 88%. The value of this information in the counselling of parents is discus

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11458.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.A total of 394 children, aged 0‐14 years, referred to a paediatric department were investigated for the occurrence of Clostridium difficile, its cytotoxin in faeces, and its clinical significance in a prospective study over one year. Of the children in the investigation, 337 suffered from gastrointestinal diseases or had been treated with antibiotics prior to the investigation. Twenty‐four percent of these children had Cl. difficile in one or more faecal samples and toxin was demonstrated in half of these patients. In 18/148 (12%) of the patients with acute gastroenteritis Cl. difficile was isolated as the only pathogen. In contrast, among 57 control children with no gastrointestinal symptoms and no prior antibiotic treatment significantly fewer harboured Cl. difficile (p<0.01). Cl. difficile was isolated with similar frequency in children with or without prior antibiotic treatment. Isolation of Cl. difficile was significantly higher in patients under one year of age p<0.001). In 78% of the patients with Cl. difficile the bacteria were found in faeces during the initial two days of hospitalization indicating that most of the cases were community acquired. The occurrence of Cl. difficile was not influenced by seasonal variation and the distribution between sexes was eq

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.In an unselected population of 3581 infants, 14 girls and 36 boys were found to have bacteriuria verified by suprapubic aspiration. Among the bacteriuric infants, one girl and one boy developed symptoms of pyelonephritis close to the time of detection; the others remained asymptomatic. Eleven girls and 34 boys were left untreated. One of these girls and 7 of the boys became abacteriuric after treatment for respiratory tract infections. Ten girls and 26 boys became spontaneously abacteriuric, with a median persistence of bacteriuria of 2 months in girls and 1.5 months in boys. Recurrences were observed among boys only in those who had been treated with antibiotics.

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11460.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The long‐term results of four different regimens of prednisone therapy were compared in 32 children with steroid sensitive, frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with minimal glomerular lesions on renal biopsy. Prednisone was adminstered according to the following dosage schedules: 1) long‐term daily, 2) standard intermittent, 3) standard alternate‐day, and 4) short‐term daily. Over a mean observation period of 7 years patients without steroid dependency received a cumulative dosage of prednisone of 10 mg/m2/day and those with steroid dependency received 19 mg/m2/day. Relapse free intervals were the longest with long‐term daily prednisone therapy compared to the other three regimens. In frequently relapsing patients without steroid dependency the relapse free intervals were similar with either intermittent or alternate‐day prednisone therapy (median 75 d); however, they were significantly shorter with short‐term prednisone therapy (median 33 d). In frequently relapsing patients with steroid dependency the time of remission was generally shorter than in patients without steroid dependency (median 25d vs. 69d) with no benefit of any of the different forms of short

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11461.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Parameters of renal function and calcium homeostasis were studied in 8 children, immobilised for 5‐9 weeks with fractured femurs, weekly during immobilisation and fourth weekly following mobilisation until all parameters returned to normal. During immobilisation 1 patient became hypercalcaemic, but all showed an increase in serum calcium and all developed hypercalciuria. During immobilisation all showed diminished urine osomolality after a 12‐hour fast (mean 591·133 mOsm/kg) which improved 4‐39 weeks after mobilisation (mean 973·87 mOsm/kg). Serum creatinine, urinary beta‐2‐microglobulin and renal ultrasound appearances were all normal. An inverse relationship, R= ‐0.70, was demonstrated between serum calcium and fasting urine osmolality during immobilisation. Three patients showed diminished urinary concentrating ability beyond 4 weeks after mobilisation. For 1 patient this defect persisted for 8 months and glomerular filtration rate was diminished 9 months after mobilisation, raising the possibility of long term renal damage in immobil

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11462.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Serum and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations (S‐Mg, E‐Mg) were measured in 122 junior high school students followed up for two years from 12 to 14 years of age, and the relationship to blood pressure and a family history of hypertension were investigated. The subjects who had high S‐Mg and E‐Mg levels at the first examination two years prior tended to show high levels after this follow‐up. There were significant positive correlations between two intraindividual values of S‐Mg and E‐Mg. A similar tendency was found for blood pressure. Tracking phenomena were observed with these measures. The subjects who had high E‐Mg levels at the first examination showed no blood pressure elevation during the two‐ year period. The subjects with a family history of hypertension [FH(+)] showed a higher degree of blood pressure rise during two years than those with no family history [FH(‐)], with a significant difference in systolic blood pressure at the age of 14. E‐Mg tended to be lower in the FH(+) group than in the FH(‐) group with a significant difference in 14‐year‐old girls. These results suggest that a hereditary predisposition to hypertension is related to magnesium metabolism and that intracellular magnesium deficiency may influence blood pressure elev

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11463.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY