摘要:

ABSTRACT.Protein and nitrogen (N) requirements of infants and the optimum protein level of infant formulas are still under debate. Human milk (HM) N is considered adequate although 25 % of the N is provided as non‐protein nitrogen (NPN), half in the form of urea. Soluble N, insoluble N, NPN and urea N were determined in HM and cow's milk (CM), 5 CM‐based infant formulas, 4 soy protein‐based formulas (SF), and manufacturers’ skim milk and whey protein sources. Total, peptide and free amino acids were also determined in all samples. Levels of NPN and urea N in formulas were highly dependent on the type of whey used, with ion‐exchange whey being highest, followed by electrodialyzed and ultrafiltered whey, respectively. SF contained very little NPN with the exception of Soyalac. Consequently, true protein [(Total N‐NPN) × 6.38] was lower than the reported levels in several formulas. Levels of peptide and free amino acids were also affected by the method of whey preparation. While it has been recognized that “casein‐predominant” CM formulas will have different effects on metabolic indices than “whey‐predominant” formulas, this study demonstrates that there are also pronounced differences among “

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The survival of breast‐milk secretory‐IgA and lactoferrin has been investigated in 23 Gambian children aged 1.5, 3 and 17 months. Endogenous excretion of these immune proteins was measured in 7 weaned 34‐month‐old children. Defaecation rate was the prime determinant of faecal secretory‐IgA and lactoferrin outputs, indicating that partial degradation occurs in the large intestine. Calculations showed that at least 30 % of IgA and 2 % of lactoferrin ingested from breast‐milk must survive in the small intestine. Variations in faecal immune protein outputs were related to differences in intake and defaecation rate and were not affected by age or solid food consumption. The raised faecal outputs of 5 children with diarrhoea were a consequence of their high stool frequencies. IgA disappearance in the large intestine proceeded twice as fast in Gambian breast‐fed children as in comparable Cambridge infants, suggesting that differences in gut flora may influence IgA survival. Thus breast‐feeding, irrespective of age or additional food, can deliver significant quantities of these antimicrobial proteins to the small intestine but differences in defaecation rate and gut flora may affect their protective potential in the

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Fat content and fatty acid composition of 25 commercial infant formulas sold in the Federal Republic of Germany and of 3 home‐made milk formulas were analysed, using gravimetry of extracted lipids and high‐resolution capillary gaschromatography. Results were compared with the composition of human milk. Fat contents of all commercial formulas were similar to human milk values and met current recommendations, but 2 home‐made preparations were at the upper and lower limits of the recommended range. Milk formulas tended to contain higher percentages of saturated and lower ones of cis‐monounsaturated and trans‐isomeric fatty acids than human milk. Linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) content was similar to human milk in most products but deviated clearly from recommended values in 2 home‐made mixtures. Alpha‐linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3) values were often low in formulas, resulting a high n‐6/n‐3‐ratios. In contrast to human milk, all formulas contained only minor amounts of the physiologically important long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms. Some seasonal variation in the content of palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:ln‐9), linoleic and trans‐fatty acids was found when five arbitrarily selected adapted formulas were analysed repeatedly over one year. The composition of a home‐made formula made from fresh cow's milk was markedly different in winter and in summer, when percentages of saturated and trans‐fatty acids were higher and of linoleic acid were lower. We conclude that the composition of most commercial formulas is better suited to meet the lipid requirements of young infants than the home‐made preparations investigated. However, the essential fatty acid composition of available milk formu

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Thymosin α1was determined in milk samples obtained from 67 Guatemalan women 5 days, and 1–3 and 6–18 months postpartum. All the specimens collected 5 days after delivery contained measurable levels (583 ± 304 pg/ml) of thymosin α, but only 33 % of those obtained 1–3 months postpartum and none collected thereafter did. Since thymosin α1has been shown to increase T‐cell mediated immunity, and to enhance host resistance to infection, it may play an important role in the maturation of mucosal immunity and host resistance in general in the neonate. This study is the first to document the presence of a thymic hormone in early post

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.In 19 preterm infants fed a standard formula for prematures (calcium (Ca) 13.5 mmol/l; phosphorus (P) 12.9 mmol/l), biochemical parameters of blood, serum and urine were determined before and during supplementation with Ca‐L‐lactate (final Ca concentration 20 mmol/l). In 8 preterm boys Ca and P balance were evaluated in addition. During Ca supplementation, the serum Ca levels, urine pH (without supplement 6.31, with supplement 6.73), and calciuria (46 μmol/kg/d vs. 98 μmol/kg/d) were increased, and urinary P (1.05 mmol/kg/d vs. 0.65 mmol/kg/d) and net acid excretion (1.70 mEq/kg/d vs. 0.89 mEq/kg/d) were decreased. Balance studies showed increased net intestinal Ca absorption during supplementation (37 % vs. 56 %) as well as improved Ca (0.8 mmol/kg/d vs. 1.85 mmol/kg/d) and P retention (0.97 mmol/kg/d vs. 1.45 mmol/kg/d). These data show that increased Ca intake given to optimize the Ca:P ratio improves mineral retention in preterm infants fed a standard formula. Ca and P intake should be thoroughly balanced to avoid side‐effects like hypercalciuria or high renal net acid ex

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Human o‐lactalbumin (α‐LA) has been used as a marker for measuring macromolecular absorption. The serum concentration of human α‐LA after a human milk feed has been studied in 32 healthy very low birthweight infants (VLBW), fed human milk (gestational age 26–32 weeks) and in 56 term, breast‐fed infants, age 3–140 days. At 31 weeks of gestation the serum concentration of human α‐LA was more than 10 times higher (mean value 3000 and median value 2101 μg/1 serum/1 human milk/kg body weight,n= 11) than in the term infants aged 3–30 days (mean value 257 and median value 152,n= 29). The serum concentration of o‐LA decreased with increasing maturity in the VLBW‐infants. At a postconceptional age of 37 weeks the values were similar (mean value 200 and median value 99,n= 8) to those found for term infants during the first month. In the term infants a decreasing absorption of α‐LA was found wit

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.We assessed the relationship between neonatal hypoglycemia and newborn iron status in 15 hypoglycemic, large‐for‐date newborn infants, 12 of whom were infants of diabetic mothers. These infants had significantly lower mean serum iron concentrations, ferritin concentrations, percent iron‐binding saturation and calculated iron stores, and significantly higher mean transferrin concentrations, total iron‐binding capacity concentrations and mid‐arm circumference: head circumference ratios when compared with either 15 euglycemic large‐for‐date or 15 euglycemic appropriate‐for‐date control infants (p<0.001 for all comparisons). All hypoglycemic infants had ferritin concentrations below the 5th percentile as compared to 3 % of controls (p<0.001), and 67 % had transferrin concentrations above the 95th percentile (controls: 0 %;p<0.001). Only the hypoglycemic infants demonstrated a significant negative linear correlation between ferritin and transferrin concentrations (r=−0.83;p<0.001). Decreased serum iron concentrations were associated with size at birth (r=−0.60;p= 0.01) and with increased red cell iron (r=−0.60;p= 0.01), implying a redistribution of iron dependent on the degree of fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Infants with increased red cell iron had more profound neonatal hypoglycemia. These results show a significant association between decreased iron stores and neonatal hypoglycemia in macrosomic newborn infants associated with a significant shift of ir

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Peak expiratory flow rate was measured in 318 Swedish children aged 4–16 years on Wright peak flow meter, Mini Wright peak flow meter and Vitalograph peak flow monitor. We found that height, age and sex had a significant effect on the regression equation. Weight and body surface area did not add any significant information. The curves for the Wright and Mini Wright peakflow meters are presented and may be used as normal references in the clinic. Mini Wright peakflow meter and Vitalograph peak flow monitor are cheap and handy but results on different instruments should not be directly compare

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The steps of the morphological relapse occurring during gluten‐challenge in coeliac children were for the first time investigated by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the morphological changes observed in untreated and treated coeliac patients, in pathological and normal controls. Some peculiar morphological changes, not reported up to now, were observed in treated and relapsed coeliac patients. No relationship was found among the degrees of mucosal atrophy observed by SEM and the duration of the challenge performed by an uncontrolled ingestion of glute

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Due to increased availability of growth hormone (GH) for the treatment of short stature, its use has been proposed for a number of conditions besides classic GH deficiency. We have studied growth response during a one year treatment period with 14 IU/m2/week of GH in a heterogenous group of 24 short children with various conditions associated with short stature (SDS for body height ranging between −2.2 and −4.4). Thirteen children could be classified as “responders” with growth rate increments of 2 cm/yr or more above pretreat‐ment growth rates, and 11 children as “non‐responders”. The children were measured regularly both by stadiometry and knemometry at weekly intervals. GH stimulation by insulin, arginine and spontaneous overnight secretion of GH, and SM‐C generation were evaluated in the children and found to be of no predictive value for the individual responsiveness to GH administration except in one boy with classic GH deficiency. However, serial measurements of the lower leg length provided useful information for individual predictions in 21 out of the 24 children as early as 10 weeks after the start of

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY