摘要:

Five hundred and thirtytwo pregnant women were interviewed about their psychosocial health at the beginning of pregnancy. According to various factors including alcoholism, mental disease and criminality among the women and their husbands the families were divided in three groups of different degrees according to psychosocial stress. The pregnancies, deliveries and the 497 live‐born children in these families have been investigated with prospective methods. Data concerning the psychological development and psychiatric health of the child were attained by interviewing the mother and evaluating the child during visits to home (age 1 and 4). The physical health and development of the children has been followed by prospective data achieved from the child welfare centers. At one year of age 452 of the children (226 boys, 226 girls) and at four‐five years of age 412 of the children (202 boys, 210 girls) were evaluated by the Griffith's Development Scales. Findings from these evaluations can now be related to a number of factors concerning the psychosocial situation, pediatric riskfactors etc. With the prospective, longitudinal methods used in this project interesting results concerning sex differences related to the mental development have been found. At one year of age girls had higher scores than boys on the Griffiths‐subscale measuring hearing‐and‐speech abilities. At four years of age several significant differences between the sexes were found. Girls had more “even” Griffiths‐profiles and scored higher than boys in several Griffiths‐subscales. The greatest differences at four years of age were found concerning personal‐social function and eye‐hand‐coordination. Boys seem to be specially vulnerable to the psychosocial situation in their homes as the Griffiths‐results at four years of age are lower among boys from homes with psychosocial stress compared to other boys. It should be very interesting to follow and study what these sex differences mean concerning future development, the occurrence of psychopatholog

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) are prone to growth retardation throughout childhood (Fig. 1). In infancy, growth failure in uraemic patients is attributable mainly to reduced spontaneous food intake. During mid‐childhood, when statural growth is believed to be dependent primarily upon growth hormone (GH), growth may be variably affected by CRF, ranging from growth patterns parallel to standard centile curves to complete growth arrest. In late prepuberty particularly, growth rates may be much lower than normal, and the pubertal growth spurt is usually insufficient to produce a normal adult height. While nutritional supplementation and treatment with recombinant human GH offer promising options for the treatment of growth failure in infants and prepubertal children with CRF, increasing interest is now focusing on the problem of reduced pubertal growth in uraemi

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On the basis of 29 patients aged 1–48 years, the general clinical manifestations and natural course have been determined of a newly described autosomal recessive multisystem condition with carbohydrate‐deficient glycoproteins, particularly affecting transferrin. The syndrome showed different presentations during different age periods. During infancy and early childhood failure to thrive, liver dysfunction, pericardial effusions, marked developmental delay and stroke‐like episodes were most pronounced. In later childhood and adolescence stationary mental deficiency and ataxia, slowly progressive lower limb neuropathy and pigmentary retinal degeneration, as well as secondary skeletal deformities, were found to be the most disabling constituents. For the purpose of clinical recognition, a four‐stage progression based on age is pr

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The utilization of15N nitrogen from15N‐labelled bifidobacteria for whole body protein synthesis was studied in 4 infants by oral single‐pulse labellings and in 3 other infants, who had colostomies, by colonic pulse labellings. The bifidobacteria were harvested from a modified Petuely culture medium containing15N ammonium chloride and15N cystine as the only sources of nitrogen. The tracer dose chosen for the balance studies was 3 mg15N/kg.15N concentrations in urine and feces collected over 48 hours after the pulse labellings were determined by emission spectrometry. Oral administration of15N‐labelled bifidobacteria resulted in absorption of approximately 90%, renal excretion of 15%, and fecal excretion of 12% of the tracer dose, respectively. Retention in the protein pool averaged 73%. After colonic single pulse labelling with15N‐labelled bifidobacteria, the corresponding values were 85.5%, 2.2%, 14.5%, and 83.0%, respectively. Absorption and incorporation of the heavy nitrogen into body proteins were directly demonstrated by increased15N atom percent excess values within the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) supernatants and the proteins of the plasma, 0.25 and 0.04 atom %, respectively, at 24 hours after oral pulse labellings. One half of the total15N excreted in urine consisted of urea and approximately 8% was eliminated as

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11722.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Both secretion and metabolic clearance of GH in health and disease are subject to regulation by an array of metabolic, nutritional, physical activity, age, and body composition cues. Moreover, both GH and its mediators (e.g. IGF‐I) are bound in plasma by one or more high‐affinity binding proteins. Accordingly, carefully designed clinical and basic investigations are required to examine and clarify the diverse alterations in the dynamics of the somatotrophic axis that accompany the syndrome of CRF with its attendant attenuation of normal anabolism, growth and developm

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The objective of the study was to record how somatostatin levels in plasma are altered in response to breast‐feeding during the lactation period and to relate somatostatin levels to the success of the lactational performance and to smoking habits. Fifty‐two women were investigated 4 days post partum and 3‐4 months later. Blood samples were collected and the levels of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity (below referred to as SLI) were measured with radioimmunoassay. The periods of exclusive breast‐feeding and of mixed feeding were assessed as well as the milk yield. Smoking habits were noted. SLI levels were found to be significantly lower on day 4 after delivery, compared to 3‐4 months later. Also the type of response to breast‐feeding was different. Thus, a significant fall of SLI was seen during breast‐feeding at the maternity unit, but not 3–4 months later. Smoking women breast‐fed fully for a significantly shorter time than nonsmokers and had significantly higher SLI levels at onset of breast‐feeding day 4 post partum. Whether the high somatostatin levels recorded in connection with breast‐feeding in smokers are related to the shorter period of breast‐feeding seen in this group remains to be established. In addition, the highest levels of somatostatin were seen the day after the very last breast‐feeding and a possible role for somatostatin in the weaning

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11723.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein (CDG) syndrome is a newly described disorder with a characteristic carbohydrate deficiency of glycoproteins. It is mainly a nervous system disorder, but other organ systems are also involved, such as the liver, the kidneys, the skeletal system, the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the pericardium. Based on twenty‐two cases, 2.5–48 years old, we describe the neurological features and evolution. In the neonatal and infantile age there was hypotonia, muscular weakness, developmental retardation, diminishing tendon reflexes and alternating esotropia. Preschool and early school age was characteristized by progressive polyneuropathy with muscular weakness and contractures, extrapyramidal signs (ataxia, dyskinesia, dysequilibrium), psychomotor retardation (I.Q. level of 40–60), transient stroke‐like episodes and retinitis pigmentosa. In puberty and adulthood the condition was rather stationary. They learned at best to walk with support, understand the spoken word well, and a few developed a fairly good linguistic skill. The dominating neuroradiological finding was pontine and cerebellar

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A key goal of nutritional therapies designed to prevent or treat protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is achievement of adequate growth rates and thus positive balances of protein and energy. Positive protein balance is the net result of protein turnover, i.e., of recycling protein through energy‐requiring anabolic and catabolic pathways. Thus, protein turnover is inexorably linked to energy metabolism and to energy balance. A long‐standing hypothesis is that new tissue synthesis is predominantly a postprandial event. Thus, postprandial rates of protein turnover may regulate the bioenergetics of growth. Traditional methods to evaluate nutritional therapies for diarrhea and PEM, i.e., metabolic balance,15N‐labeled amino acids, fecal output, illness duration, or change in body weight, are not specific to studies of the regulation of acute protein turnover and growth by nutritional intervention. Newer techniques based on13C‐labeled amino acids should be applied to evaluate nutritional interventions such as dietary substrate ratios, protein quality, feeding frequencies, or ratios of dietary protein to energy in terms of their abilities to optimize postprandial protein turnover and thus nutritional management of diarrhea

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY