摘要:

It is generally agreed that the protein concentration of human milk adequately fulfills the amino acid requirements during early infancy. This level of protein is considered as the absolute minimum which can be recommended for infant formulas. Since proteins from other sources than human milk have a different amino acid composition and have been believed to be digested to a somewhat lower extent than human milk proteins, it has been common practice to use a higher protein level in formulas than in human milk. During the last decade, most infant formulas have had a protein concentration of 15–18 g/1, which can be compared to the protein level of 12 g/1 in human milk during early lactation and 9–10 g/1 in later lactation (>2–3 months). Whether a protein concentration of 15 g/1 in formulas is an “optimal” level of protein, i.e. adequate for the amino acid requirement of infants (including some safety margin) while not associated with any negative consequences caused by potentially excessive levels of some amino acids and metabolites, has recently been a subject of d

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10655.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Total body water and anthropometric measurements were compared in two groups of premature infants. The first group included infants with birthweights less than 1501 g who were fed under usual clinical circumstances and studied at a body weight of 1800–2100 g (“Ex‐utero”); the second group of infants had a birthweight of 1800 to 2100 g and were studied within the first week of life (“In‐utero”). Triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were significantly greater in “Ex‐utero” infants than in “In‐utero” infants, whereas body length was significantly greater in the latter group compared to the former. There were no differences in total body water, abdominal skinfold thickness, or midarm circumference between the two groups. These data suggest that feeding premature infants a standard premature infant formula under established guidelines leads to differences in body fat distribution but not total body water compared to inf

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10656.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Fifty‐one newborn infants requiring parenteral nutrition were randomly assigned to receive a 50% medium chain triglyceride/50% long chain triglyceride lipid emulsion or the conventional 100% long chain triglyceride emulsion. Fat was administered daily for 20 hours, to a maximum of 3 g/kg/day. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids, ketones, glucose and capillary blood gases were monitored daily up to the sixth day of fat infusion. There were no significant differences in mean plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids between the two groups. No cases of hyperketonaemia were detected in the infants studied. Hyperglycaemic episodes were detected with similar frequency in both groups. The group who received the emulsion containing medium chain triglycerides had significantly lower mean plasma cholesterol values during the study. After 6 days of intravenous fat administration mean plasma cholesterol was more than 100% higher in the group which received the conventional emulsion. Differences in cholesterol content between the emulsions and a cholesterol lowering effect of medium chain triglycerides are possible explanations for these finding

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10657.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Two‐year patterns of postneonatal morbidity, both chronic and non‐chronic, are reported for all liveborn preterm infants (n=612; malformations excluded) delivered in the province of Kuopio, Finland, between 1978 and 1982. The overall readmission rate was 30%, the commonest causes being respiratory infections, surgical disorders (inguinal hernias) and neurological problems. The higher readmission rate in preterms born at ≦33 weeks of gestation was due to a larger proportion of children being admitted with chronic prematurity‐associated conditions; preterms without chronic disabilities had similar rates of readmission irrespective of gestational age. Neonatal treatment variables were of little help in the identification of children requiring readmission after neonatal care. Instead, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) or being of the male sex significantly increased the risk of subsequent read

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10658.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Determinations of erythrocyte enzyme scavengers of oxygen radicals (glutathione‐peroxidase, superoxide‐dismutase and catalase) and determinations of erythrocyte age‐dependent glycolytic activities (glucose‐6‐phosphatedehydrogenase, pyruvate‐kinase and glucose‐phosphate‐isomerase) were carried out in cord blood and in the blood taken on the 4th day of life in 152 newborn infants with different peak bilirubin levels. The enzyme activities scavenging oxygen radicals, glutathione‐peroxidase and superoxide‐dismutase were significantly lower in infants with peak bilirubinemia higher than 214 μmol/l, compared to less‐jaundiced neonates, both at birth and on the 4th day of life; their values correlated negatively with peak bilirubinemia at birth and on the 4th day of life. Glycolytic age‐dependent enzyme activities were significantly higher in more jaundiced newborn infants only on the 4th day of life, when their values correlated positively with peak bilirubinemia. The results of this investigation suggest that a deficiency of factors protecting from oxygen toxicity, may play a role in the development of neonata

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10659.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.We have studied the causes and outcome of obstetric brachial plexus palsy in all children born in Malmö during the 10‐year period 1973–1982. Forty‐eight of 25736 live‐bom children (0.19%) were neonatally diagnosed as having a brachial plexus paresis. Twenty‐five percent of these, i.e., one child in 2000 liveborn, had a persistent palsy. The obstetric history was characterized by high birthweight, vertex presentation with shoulder dystocia and multiparity; and in two cases the mother had two children with brachial palsy. The children who recovered totally did so during the first few months. The prognosis for the more common upper brachial plexus, or Erb's, was more favorable than that for entire brachial plexus palsy. All the children with persistent palsy were afflicted with considerable reduction in arm function, resulting in varying degrees of handicap, such as not being able to use the palsied arm at all or not being able to perform certain tasks—writing properly, playing a musical instrument, doing the hair, wearing clothing with shoulder straps, etc. We wish to point out that, in several cases, obstetric brachial plexus palsy results in a lifelong handicap and that prevention and therapy are essential both in obstetric and in pediatri

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10660.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Changes in intestinal microbial flora are reflected in the faecal concentrations and production rates of short chain fatty acids. However, since no data on the latter are available in neonates, the aim of this study is to provide information on short chain fatty acids in faeces from normal neonates. Faecal samples were collected immediately after birth (meconium) and on the 4th day of life in 13 healthy, full‐term neonates. The production capacity was evaluated by a faecal incubation system. Concentrations of short chain fatty acids were low in meconium (11.2+3.9 mmol/l (mean±SD)), equivalent to about 10% of the adult level (p<0.01), but increased significantly during the first 4 days of life to 28.4±20.1 mmol/l (p<0.05). The fermentation pattern (i.e. relative composition of different acids) showed differences between adults and neonates, primarily due to a higher proportion of acetate found in the latter. The ratio acetate/propionate/butyrate/other acids was 89/5/5/1 in 4‐day‐old neonates compared to 65/18/11/6 in adults (p<0.001). Our findings correlate well with the postnatal microbial colonization of neonata

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10661.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The aim of the present study was to examine whether immaturity of cardiorespiratory control corresponds to a less mature behavioural state pattern and/or to less efficient feeding behaviour. Fifty‐four infants were observed and data polygraphically recorded for 6 hours; a feeding session was included. It was found that infants with immature cardiorespiratory control spent more time in REM‐sleep, less time in the active awake state, and were more likely to be inefficient feeders. In addition, 100 infants were observed for risk signs of sudden infant death syndrome and their parents were asked to answer a questionnaire on the sleeping and feeding behaviour of their infants. The majority of the infants with immature cardiorespiratory control were described as bad feeders but good sleepers. We conclude that gathering information about sleeping and feeding behaviour is useful when screening for immaturity of cardiorespiratory cont

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10662.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Data on 365 children who had been small (SGA) average (AGA) or large (LGA) for gestational age at birth were analysed at the age of seven years. Significant positive correlations were found between head circumference and developmental scores in the SGA and LGA groups. These were mainly due to associations between relatively small heads and low scores. Familial factors, social class and sex affect both head circumference and developmental ability at this age. Their influences on these two parameters differ in degree; and in the case of sex, in direction. When account was taken of these other factors the contribution of birth‐weight group to the variance in head circumference remained high; but its contribution to developmental scores was reduce

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10663.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.We measured plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide concentrations in the umbilical artery and vein, and peripheral veins of healthy children from birth to adolescence to establish the normal range. The plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide concentration in the umbilical artery (mean±SD, 51.0±21.4 fmol/ml) was significantly higher than that in the umbilical vein (18.1±13.5 fmol/ml) in neonates after vaginal delivery. Also neonates aged 5 days or less had a significantly high concentration in the peripheral vein (60.7±29.4 fmol/ml). There was no significant difference in atrial natriuretic polypeptide concentrations in the peripheral veins between older children and adults. The concentrations in children aged more than 5 days and adults aged 20–34 years were 14.4±7.4 fmol/ml and 10.0±4.8 fmol/ml, respectively. However, the atrial natriuretic polypeptide concentration in the umbilical artery was not increased in three neonates delivered by caesarean section although they had a high concentration in the peripheral vein 24 hours afte

ISSN:0803-5253    

DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10664.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY