摘要:

The semantics of the problem of individuality are examined and the difficulty of reconciling individuality with levels of organization is emphasized. Clear distinctions between various types of phenotypic, morphological expression are difficult to make and the attempt is of decreasing explanatory value. It can be avoided, in part at least, by the use of the termmodularto denote repeated, physiologically connected sub‐unit

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Harestad&Bunnell (1979) showed that, at least for North American species, home ranges of large herbivorous mammals are relatively larger than we would expect on metabolic grounds, and suggested that the productivity of the environment for mammal species decreases with increasing body size. This interpretation assumes that the number of conspecifics that share an individual's home range is independent of body size. Data presented here show that this is not true for the species in their sample; the home range is shared with an increasing number of conspecifics in larger herbivore species. The productivity of the environment for a species is independent of body size and the area available to an individual for its own use scales approximately as do individual metabolic requirements. These results agree with conclusions based upon the scaling of population density with body mass and illustrate the interrelationship between home range and dietary and social organization trends among mammalian herbivores. Individual home range area is a function of the way in which the local population of a species, not merely an individual, exploits the environment.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00758.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An analysis was made in Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa of the factors that allow coexistence of two small herbivorous mammals: the rock hyraxProcavia capensisand the dassie ratPetromus typicus.The rocky habitat provides adequate food and living shelters of varying sizes. There appears to be competition for shelters:Petromusoccupies only those shelters that are too small forProcaviawith the result that the population ofPetromusis small and restricted to certain favourable areas whereasProcaviais abundant and widespread.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00759.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The geographic variation of 33 morphological characters of two morphs of the gall‐forming aphidPemphigus populitransversusis studied in 214 locality samples. Among‐locality variation ranges from 1 to 69% in the elongate morph and from 0 to 44% in the globular morph. The design of the study permits separation of interlocality correlations from intralocality correlations. The former are partly a function of the latter, confirming early observations on anotherPemphigusspecies and on ticks. Factor analyses of both correlation matrices for both morphs yield four factors. Within localities these factors agree for the two morphs; among localities only one factor corresponds. Multiple discriminant analyses among localities of the two data sets do not correspond. There is little correlation between characters of stem mother and alate morphotypes within localities but such correlations are strong among localities. Maps are furnished for characters representing the independent dimensions of variation for each morph. Patterns of variation are shown to be significant by spatial autocorrelation analysis for both morphs but are much more marked in the elongate morph. Significant positive autocorrelation occurs up to 1000 km in the elongate morph – mostly only up to 200 km in the globular morph. There are two to three geographic variation patterns in the elongate morph, whereas in the globular morph the classes of patterns are less well defined and involve few characters. The environmental factors to which the globular and elongate morphs are adapting would appear to have different autocorrelation patterns. In each morph the patterns are clearly different and cannot be explained by a single microevolutionary process. The findings are compared with an earlier study in the related and largely sympatricP. populic

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00760.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a population of adders(Vipera berus)in Southwest Sweden, melanistic males were heavier than normal coloured males of the same length. Victory in male‐male sexual combats was positively related to size. Higher risk of predation in the black morph was inferred from experiments showing a high predator attack rate on models of the black morph. Even the bright colour in newly moulted basking males of the normal morph gives cryptic protection. In females, melanism probably also affects body size and risk of predation by visually searching predators. The thermoregulatory influence of black colour, the reproductive success and the maintenance of two colour morphs in the population are discusse

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty‐two populations of the grasshopperChorthippus brunneusfrom four different areas were scored for polymorphism at 15 enzyme loci. The areas sampled were Nottinghamshire, inland Essex, the Essex coast and Dovedale in Derbyshire. Five loci were found to be polymorphic (isocitrate dehydrogenase (2), malate dehydrogenase, glyceroI‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase) but levels of heterozygosity were generally low. Differences in enzyme variation between different areas were demonstrated using multivariate ana

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00762.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The distribution ofDrosophila subobscuraadults within, and their movement through, open ground habitats has been investigated, along with the status of such individuals within populations as a whole. Movement occurs between open ground and woodland, to some extent as a result of passive transport by air currents, but flies can remain in open ground for at least several days at a time. There are no detectable differences in either the reproductive age‐structure or the body‐size distributions of flies collected from woodland and open ground habitats, although a significantly higher proportion of females are found in open ground than in woodland. The large number of gravid females in open ground provide the potential for breeding there, but circumstantial evidence suggests that this is unlikely to occur. Rather, their presence appears to reflect the foraging strategy adopted by females in response to their high nutritional requirements. The flux of flies through open ground between woodlands suggests that previous estimates of the genetically‐important parameter, effective population size, have been seriously underestimated for naturalD. subobscurapopula

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00763.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The melanic forms of the two geometrid mothsErannis defoliariaandAgriopis marginariaare controlled by autosomal loci with melanic dominant over non‐melanic forms. InE. defoliariasegregation ratios conform to expectation but in some families ofA. marginariaexcesses of melanic females may be due to misclassification in that sex or to differences in viability between melanic and non‐melanic genoty

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00764.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A faunal list of oribatid mites collected from the summit of the Cnicht, Snowdonia, at 2265 ft is given, together with critical notes on the taxonomy and distribution of several of the species. The list provides further evidence of the presence of arctic‐alpine and European‐alpine species of Oribatei on the mountain peaks of Britain. A comparison of the faunal list with lists of species recorded by the author on another peak in Snowdonia and on high ground in other parts of Britain (Peak District, Lake District) and by Block in Westmorland, provides evidence of a group of additional species which can be regarded as characteristic of upland areas in general of Britain and Eur

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00765.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY