摘要:

New research at Cothill Fen and examination of E. B. Ford's field note‐books have revealed much evidence of great variation in the expression of themedionigraform ofPanaxia dominulaL. Over the years there is a high probability that individual insects have been misclassified. While this casts doubts on the accuracy of the published frequencies of themedionigraform and hence of themedionigraallele, it seems unlikely that the errors will have any serious effect on the interpretations and principles of ecological genetics that the long‐term study has revealed. It is clear that both the fore‐and hind wings must be examined before a judgement can be made about the phenotype of any individual moth. The new work shows that themedionigraform remains at a low frequency at Cothill. The colony is flourishing, the population size in 1991 being the largest ever rec

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The invertebrates directly associated with the southern hemisphere tree genusNothofagusare described and discussed in terms of their organization into guilds and attributes of their hostplants. Using literature records, comparisons are made of the guild composition between host species and provenances; a full invertebrate‐hostplant list is appended. Sap‐sucking Homoptera are particularly diverse and usually host‐species specific whereas defoliating insects seem less prevalent and less specific. Few seed‐eating insects are reported. Some provenances and hostplants exhibit local radiations in certain taxa, such as Eriococcidae in New Zealand,Notophorinapsyllids in South America and scolytid beetles onN. dombeyi.Environmental stresses such as drought, disturbance and landslips, can induce outbreaks of certain scale insects and borers, affecting the dynamics of the forest. Generally, however, the influence of invertebrates appears benign, but occasional large‐scale defoliation is observed onN. solandrivar.cliffortioides, N. moorei, N. antarcticaandN. pumilio.Collectively this fauna has two elements: a geographically recurrent Gondwanic element, usually monophagous, and a provenance‐specific element (often polyphagous) locally recruited following vicariance of the host genus. The fauna ofNothofaguscan be in stark contrast to that of adjacent forest types. In Australia, the insect profile ofNothofagushas more in common with fagaceous trees on other continents than the more recentEucalyptusforests which surround it. There is almost no evidence of fauna transfer fromNothofagustoEucalyptus.Relative to New Zealand, the AustralianNothofagusfauna is depauperate and may reflect truncation in Pleistocene glaciations. Typically low insect populations on these trees may partly explain the limited range of insectivorous birds and spiders observed in Australia. Much more data on the phytophagous insects of this biome is needed for comparative purposes. The fauna of the montane tropical subgenusBrassosporapollen group is almost unknown but could hold the key to the origin of fagaceous insect communities more generally. The conservation value of remainingNothofagusforests is enhanced by recognition of their co‐adapted fauna, some of which are arranged in stable functional groups likely to give valuable insight into invertebrate‐hostplant interactions originating in the Cretaceous. Elucidation of its role in the processes of these unique forests remains a fertile field for endeavou

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sample of 2013 meadow brown butterflies,Maniola jurtina, was obtained in the Algarve, southern Portugal, on behalf of E.B. Ford, the founder of ecological genetics. Variation in the meadow brown occupied Ford's attention for more than 40 years. Ford died in 1988; most of his collection had earlier been destroyed, but the meadow browns remained and became available for analysis. The butterflies were scored for spotting characters on both fore‐ and hindwings. The population is homogeneous over the entire area of the Algarve and there is no conclusive evidence of a difference between the two years of collection (1986 and 1987). It is probably also homogeneous with southern Iberia in general, an area unique in the western Palaearctic range of the species as it is characterized by a high spot average in males and a low spot average in females. Algarve butterflies differ markedly from those of the Canary Islands, where there is considerable inter‐island heterogeneity, supporting the view that the Canary Island populations did not originate from southern Iberia. In the Algarve, many females aestivate and by September there is an essentially all‐female population. These are low‐spotted and differ significantly from females active in May and June at the start of the annual (one generation) flight

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Relationships between body size and abundance in collections of animals from the tanks of 73 bromeliads belonging to five species were analysed. Unlike data in previously published studies on this relationship, these collections of species are not taxonomically restricted and represent complete communities over the macroscopic range of organisms. There is no overall tendency for there to be a positive or negative relationship between population abundance and body size of morphospecies. We can find no evidence that body size‐abundance patterns are triangular in complete communities. However, there is weak evidence that the relationship in the aquatic subsets of those communities may have some underlying triangularity, with medium‐sized species having the largest populati

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Biogeography. An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach, 5th Ed., by C. B. Cox and P. D. Moore.Classification, Evolution and the Nature of Biology, by A. L. Panchen.Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States Aquatic Communities, edited by C. T. Hackney, S. M. Adams and W. H. Martin.Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment, edited by J. W. Bates and A. M. Farmer.Atlas of Paleoclimates and Paleoenvironments of the Northern Hemisphere, Late Pleistocene—Holocene, edited by B. Frenzel, M. Pecsi and A. A. Velicho.Cladistics. A Practical Course in Systematics. The Systematics Association Publication Mo. 10., by P. L. Forey, C. J. Humphries, I. J. Kitching, R. W. Scotland, D. J. Siebert and D. M. Williams.Life, The Science of Biology.3rd Ed. by W. K. Purves, G. H. Orians and H. C. Heller.The Proterozoic Biosphere. A Multidisciplinary Study, edited by J. W. Schopf and C. Klei

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY