ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A brief sketch is presented of Vavilov's career, his main contributions to science and personal qualities. The imporatnce of his work in genetics, agro‐ecology, plant breeding, the experimental taxonomy of crop plants and genetic resources conservation is also emphasize

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

N. I. Vavilov first published his concept of centres of origin of cultivated plants in 1926. For over fifty years it profoundly influenced thinking about the origins and spread of agriculture by bitanists, geograhers, anthropologists and archaeologists. The genesis of the concept and its exposition by Vavilov is examined, and its influence on the ideas of such scholars as C. O. Sauer, I. H. Burkill, C. D. Darlington, A. I. Kuptsov, R. Porteres, J. R. Harlan and J. G. Hawkes is traced. It is concluded that Vavilov's concept, which for so long conditioned ideas about the origins of agriculature, has now outlived its usefulness in thet field sof study.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nikolai Ivanovich Vaviloc publsihed his Law of Homologous Series in 1920, but did not include any ideas oon homologous variation in potatoes. The relevance of this fundamental concept of genetic diversity to potatoes is discussed in relation to disease and post resistance in wild potatoes from mexico and the Andes of South America.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01609.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The law of homologous series, if valid, should provide us with useful guidelines in the domestication of new crop plants. The value of domesticants is likely to be in the production of materials which are in demand but otherwise unavailable in adequate amount or in the exploitation of agriculturally marginal environments where established crop plants are unreliable in performance. A model for such a system of new domestication can be developed in the Leguminosae and the tribe Phaseoleae in particular. The distribution of grain legumes in the family is not random. There are concentrations in the tribes Vicieae and Phaseoleae, with the greater number in the latter. Within the Phaseoleae the greatest concentration of domesticates is to be found in the sub‐tribe Phaseolinae within the generaVigna and Phaseolus. The sub‐genusCeralotropis of Vignais remarkable in that the majority of species have been domesticated. This suggests that the two genera and perhapsVignain particular have a concentrated potential for domestication. It would certainly be sensible, if the need arose for new pulse crops in marginal agricultural environments, to consider candidate species with appropriate ecological adaptation from these genera. In product‐led attempts at domestication it would be useful to consider the biosystematic background of candidate species and if there is a choice to concentrate efforts on those species with domesticated relatives. The application of the Law of Homologous Series could in these circumstances serve to direct and concentrate effort where it is likely to be most effe

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01610.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Man's first cereal crops were sown from seed gathered from wild stands, and it was in the course of cultivation that domestication occurred. This paper prcsents thr preliminary rrsults of an experimcntal approach to the measurement of domestication rate in crops of wild‐type einkorn wheat exposed to primitive systems of husbandry. The results indicate that in wild‐type crops of einkorn, emmer and barley (a) domestication will have occurred only if they were harvested in a partially ripe (or near‐ripe) state using specific harvesting methods; (b) exposure to shifting cultivation may also have been required in somr cases; and (c) given these requirements, the crops could have become completely domcsticated within two centuries, and maybe in as little as 20–30 years without any form of conscious selection.This paper (1) considers the possible length of delays in the start of domestication due to early crops of wild‐type cereals lacking domestic‐type mutants; (2) examines the combination of primitive husbandry practices that would have been necessary for any selective advantage to have been unconsciously conferred on these mutants; (3) considers the state of ripeness (at harvest) necessary for crops to be able to respond to these selective prcssures; (4) outlines field measurements of the selective intensities (selection coefficients) which arise when analogous husbandry practices are applied experimentally to living wild‐type crops; (5) summarizes the essential features of a mathematical model which incorporatcs these measurements of selection coefficients and other key variables, and which describes the rate of increasc in domestic‐type mutants that would have occurred in early populations of wild‐type cereals under specific combinations of primitive husbandry practices; (6) considers why very early cultivators should have used that combination of husbandry methods which, we suggest, unconsciously brought about the domestication of wild wheats and barley; and (7) concludes by considering whether these events arc likely to have left recognizable traces in archa

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01611.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1940 Vavilov suggested that physiological and biochemical attributes associated with specific adaptations to environment should be included with morphological and other mare conventional characters in the descriptor lists of cultivated plants. In the age of computers and relational data bases, this has indeed come to pass.It is also clear that for Vavilov the environment included human components, such as the production methods and life systems of the producers. This too has now become an accepted component of agricultural science.This paper illustrates these aspects of Vavilov's perceptive thought by means of examples from the morphological and physiological diversity and variation in groundnuts and sorghum, associated with the ranges of conditions and production systems in which they are grown. It then considers how diversity in cultivated plants originatcs, how it is captured, ordered and maintained, how it migrates about the earth and how it is lost. It is the agricultural producers, seeking to make their management of their natural environments more productive and profitable, who determine what forms shall be used and multiplied.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Attention is drawn to Vavilov's agro‐ecotype concept of cultivated plant adaptation, and genotype/environment interactions in crops. Vavilov developed an ecological classification of cultivated plants and stressed the need for national and international evaluation of collections and breeding lines, based on materials collected in areas of great genetic diversity. A discussion of Vavilov's centres of diversity highlights the importance of land races and wild crop relatives to breeders in Vavilov's day, and even more so at present.This is followed by a brief description of the work of the International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) in relation to Vavilov's philosophy, in its efforts to conserve the genetic diversity of crops and especially old land races, which have developed resistances to diseases and pests, and adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions. Related wild species are also of great importance here, and one of IBPGR's tasks is to see that all these materials are evaluated with a view to building useful characters into new and better crop varietie

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01613.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01606a.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY