摘要:

The unparalleled plant explorations of the British botanist Richard Spruce in the Amazon Valley and the northern Andes from 1849 to 1864 are now well known in scientific circles. What is not so widely recognized, however, is the depth of philosophy characteristic of this man, a depth of philosophy nurtured especially during his many years of living alone in closest association with nature in the forests of South America.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This is the first record of the entomophagous parasiteElenchus tenuicornis(Kirby) parasitizingJavesella dubia(Kirschbaum) in England. The effects ofE. tenuicornison the development of (a) the primary, secondary and tertiary sexual organs, and (b) the body characters ofJ. dubiaare discussed in detail.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The history of acquisition and maintenance of the Linnaean insect collections is briefly summarized. Curatorial details (such as kinds of label) are discussed, chiefly with reference to Hymenoptera. Some misleading opinions concerning the taxonomic value of the collections and the nature of Linnaean type‐material are examined and a practical approach is recommended. The rationale governing re‐curation of the collections is detailed, and the present contents of the collection of Hymenoptera are listed in order to inform interested speciali

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Spatial autocorrelation analysis tests whether the observed value of a nominal, ordinal, or interval variable at one locality is independent of values of the variable at neighbouring localities. The computation of autocorrelation coefficients for nominal, ordinal, and for interval data is illustrated, together with appropriate significance tests. The method is extended to include the computation of correlograms for spatial autocorrelation. These show the autocorrelation coefficient as a function of distance between pairs of localities being considered, and summarize the patterns of geographic variation exhibited by the response surface of any given variable.Autocorrelation analysis is applied to microgeographic variation of allozyme frequencies in the snailHelix aspersa.Differences in variational patterns in two city blocks are interpreted.The inferences that can be drawn from correlograms are discussed and illustrated with the aid of some artificially generated patterns. Computational formulae, expected values and standard errors are furnished in two appendices.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Spatial autocorrelation analysis tests whether the observed value of a variable at one locality is significantly dependent on values of the variable at neighbouring localities. The method was extended by us in an earlier paper to include the computation of correlograms for spatial autocorrelation. These show the autocorrelation coefficient as a function of distance between pairs of localities, and summarize the patterns of geographic variation exhibited by the response surface of any given variable. Identical variation patterns lead to identical correlograms, but different patterns may or may not yield different correlograms. Similarity in the correlograms of different variation patterns suggests similarity in the generating mechanism of the pattern.The inferences that can be drawn from correlograms are discussed and illustrated. Examination and analysis of variation patterns of several characters or gene frequencies for one population, or of several populations in different places or at different times, permit some conclusions about the nature of the populational processes generating the observed patterns.Autocorrelation analysis is applied to four biological situations differing in the nature of the data (interval or nominal), in the type of grid connecting the localities (regular or irregular), and the field of application (evolution or ecology). The examples comprise genotypes of individual mice, blood group frequencies in humans, gene frequency variation in a perennial herb, and the distribution of species of trees. The implications of our findings are discussed.

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The African butterflyDanaus chrysippus, like other members of the family Danaidae, feeds as a larva on species of milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae). It has been demonstrated in a sample from a West African population that only a minority of adultD. chrysippusaccumulated detectable amounts of poisonous and presumably emetic cardenolides from their larval foodplants. It has also been shown inD. chrysippusand the related monarch butterfly (D. plexippus) that the cardenolide content of adults varies with that of their respective milkweed foodplants.Three population samples ofD. chrysippusfrom sites in East Africa are analysed for cardenolides using the spectrophotometric technique refined by Brower, Edmunds&Moffitt (1975), which allows the assay of individual butterflies. The East African samples all have a palatability spectrum with a considerably higher percentage of cardenolide‐containing individuals than the West African one.This is discussed in terms of its effect on potential bird predators and the ‘automimicry’ of emetic by palatable individuals. In East AfricaD. chrysippusis polymorphic and appears to act as a model in a complex mimicry ring, whereas in West Africa it is monomorphic and may have ‘shed’ most of its mimics. This latter hypothesis is discussed in the light of ou

ISSN:0024-4066    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY