摘要:

Early in 1935 the National Resources Board, Water‐Resources Section, issued “Preliminary statements and specifications for hydrologic data” [Mimeographed report, Form No. 100348, by Donald M. Baker, H. K. Barrows, J. P. Dean, Willis R. Gregg, N. C. Grover, Montrose W. Hayes, W. W. Horner, Joseph Jacobs, Royce J. Tipton, and Thorndike Saville], in which the need for a manual of procedure covering snow‐surveying was pointed out. With the expanded snow‐survey program brought about since July 1, 1935, through Federal sponsorship of this work in western United States, the need for such a manual has become urgent. Furthermore, there has developed need for publication of informative material on the principles of snow‐surveying and the purposes to be served by t

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00053

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

(1)Keep free from dents—Dents can be removed by using a short cylindrical plug of steel (a swedge) of a diameter just a little less than the inside diameter of the sampling tube. This swedge, if provided with a rounded top, can be shoved through the damaged section of tube, thus forcing the dents back out. Gentle hammering on the exterior of the tube with the swedge in close contact inside will result in a smooth‐finished

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00055

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The first forecasts of stream‐flow from snow‐surveys made by Dr. J. E. Church were for the Truckee River and the level of Lake Tahoe. These forecasts were in percentages of normal based on only the first year's measurement expanded by comparison to the snow‐depth record at Summit and adjacent stations. Dr. Church computed the snow‐depth at Summit to be 86 per cent of normal and assumed his first snow‐survey water‐content to also be 86 per cent of normal, thereby arriving at a figure representing a normal for that snow‐cover. This method is used to the present date where there is a lack o

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00062

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

(In connection with this paper, S. O. Harper, acting Chief Engineer of the Bureau of Reclamation, writes as follows to Dr. Church: “I am forwarding herewith a paper prepared by Mr. O. C, Reedy of this office, discussing the plan of the Bureau of Reclamation to utilize measurements of precipitation in conjunction with snow‐course measurements as a means of forecasting the probable inflow to Lake Mead. You will note from reading the paper that presentation of the material may be a bit premature in that the Bureau has not made sufficient use thereof to be able to state any conclusions. However, it may be that by presenting our ideas on the subject, and getting other people to think along these lines, we may secure some suggestions as to our plan of attack, and I assure you that these will be welcom

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00067

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

F. C. MERRIELL, Secretary, Colorado River Water‐Conservation District, Grand Junction, Colorado, to Samuel B. Doten, Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada (December 3, 1938)—“From observation of local conditions and the relation of the drainage areas to western Colorado snow‐courses it is felt that some research on the distribution of snow‐cover is going to be necessary in western Colorado. The snow‐courses as now laid out are necessarily readily accessible. In this country that means they are very close to the lower boundary of the areas which really contribute the major part of the runoff. Unfortunately, too many of these snow‐courses are below the probable storage‐sites, with the result that, while the snow‐courses will be of great value in the prediction of runoff from the areas, the problems of storage for local use are not going to be solved by these pre

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00069

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This subject has great interest because the hardening of the surface of duralumin prevents its oxidation and the unpleasant discoloration of clothes and hands. The following letter written by me under date of November 21, 1938, to S. H. McCrory, Chief, Bureau of Agricultural Engineering, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., is therefore pertinent:“I have your letter of November 14, 1938, describing the procedure to be followed in using the part of this year's snow‐sampling equipment which has not been given the anodyzing treatment. We will distribute these special pieces of equipment to Dr. Church, R. A. Work, R. L. Parshall, and L. T. Jessup, and I will take care of one of them mys

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00071

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

At this time I have merely two rather minor items which, however, I should like to bring up for discussion.The first of these is the matter of slight improvements that it appears could be made to advantage in the Mount Rose scales. Those of you who use the Federal tubular scales exclusively in your work will not be especially interested, but it is important to us here in California, where, out of some 70 sets of scales in use in the field by the California Cooperative Snow‐Surveys, over half of them are of the Mount Rose typ

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00072

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The bakelite employed is commercially known as Risch‐Rasch used as a running base on skis. The bakelite was thinned with equal parts of acetone. Application with a rag on the end of a fishing rod did not prove very satisfactory but had to do for lack of a spray‐gun or dipping apparatus. Three to four coats of Risch‐Rasch should be applied at 12‐hour intervals. Rubbing down with steel wool before each coat improves the

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00073

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

With reference to the use of paraffin for the duralumin tubes, Wayne Paulsen has referred to a new base‐varnish for skis developed in South America. This varnish has a bakelite base and it goes under the name of “Risch‐Rasch.” Paulsen stated that, in his experiments with it as a coating for the duralumin tubes, he was having trouble getting a smooth finish on the inside. It is suggested that the plunger‐method be used as described above in “California Cooperative Snow‐Surveys: Directions, suggestions, and hints for sn

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00074

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The maximum success of spring scales, though used with a relatively high degree of usefulness for centuries, has been hindered by the presence of errors resulting from the following inherent difficulties:(1) Changes in stiffness of spring, that is, in modulus of elasticity, with changes in temperature(2) Differential variations in length of the spring itself and the attached parts due to expansion and contraction with temperature(3) “Creep” of the metal of the. spring under stresses well within the elastic limit followed generally by a gradual elastic recovery after the load has been removed(4) Hysteresis in the metal manifested by failure of the spring to follow the same load deflection‐ curve on increasing and on decreasing loads; this makes itself evident in the form of “back error” in the scale(5) Slight deviations from straight‐line characteristics in the inherent elastic stress‐strain curve of the material(6) Deviation from straight‐line characteristics of the load deflection‐curve due to changes in pitch‐angle, radius of coil, etc., of the spring itself as it changes in length under load(7) Deviations from proper shape and form in the transmitting machinery between the weighing spring and the indicating mechanism due to improper design(8) Further errors resulting from slight inaccuracies in workmanship in the transmitting machinery and in the in

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i001p00075

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY