摘要:

Since the Committee on the Oceanography of the Pacific is one of the committees established by the Pacific Science Association, it is pertinent to state briefly the origin and purpose of the Association. Scientific men have long recognized the need for the establishment of some kind of medium through which co‐operative or co‐ordinated effort in the investigation of the many scientific problems presented by the Pacific region might be effected. The preparation of programs of research began years ago, and more recently there have been special discussions of the problems of the Pacific at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Australia in 1914, before the annual meeting of our National Academy of Sciences in 1916, and at the Semi‐Centenary of the University of California in 1918. Our National Academy and National Research Council appointed a Committee on Pacific Investigations and the activity of its members resulted in the First Pan‐Pacific Science Congress in Honolulu in 1920. The Second Congress was held in Australia in 1923, and at the Third Congress, in Japan in 1926, definite organization of the Pacific Science Association was accomplished. Henceforth the Pacific Science Congresses will be held by the Pacific Science Association, which is primarily an association of the National Research Councils or equivalent bodies of the countries of the Pacific

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00242

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One of the resolutions passed by the Third Pan‐Pacific Science Congress at its recent meeting in Tokyo emphasized the need for more knowledge of bottom‐configuration in the Pacific region, especially in the vicinity of the island groups. In my opinion, there should have been added the areas adjacent to the coasts because these two classes of area include most of the interesting features of the reg

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00252

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

My active interest in the study of volcanic phenomena began in 1916 when I accompanied Dr. A. L. Day to the Lassen Park with the purpose of studying the hot springs in that locality. The earlier work was concerned with general observations on such matter as topography, temperature, and drainage, and with the processes of rock decomposition. It led to the discovery of a simple relation between the acid and the alkaline springs. Both are regarded as derived from the same source by the same general process of rock decomposition. The majority of these springs contain sulphuric acid together with what are plainly the products of its chemical action on the surrounding rocks, namely, the sulphates of the rock bases dissolved in the water, and silica and kaolin precipitated in it. Now, if the acid continues to react with the rock, obviously it is merely a matter of time, or of the existence of some other favorable condition, until the acid will be completely neutralized. When that point has been reached further rock decomposition by the agency of hot water and carbonic acid, which is everywhere escaping from the springs, will bring into solution carbonates, bicarbonates, or both, which impart to the water an alkaline character. The alkaline springs, therefore, are seen to be logically subsequent to the acid springs.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00255

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prior to 1911 my notions of volcanoes were determined by textbook diagrams, fire insurance calendars, and the conventional Neapolitan postcards. In that year I visited Kilauea under the guidance of F. A. Perret, and found some revision of my ideas necessary. I am still revising them. At that time, and during my stay, Kilauea was entirely normal; that is, there was a circular pool of lava about a hundred meters, in diameter some thirty meters below the rim of Halemaumau. Nothing happened except an occasional rise of a few meters with overflow, or drop of a few meters with some falling in of the lake wall. Otherwise the lake bubbled away with quite regular fountaining, flow, and hissing cracks. Since it was generally accepted that beneath the lake there was an unimpeded conduit leading down to a convenient magma chamber, and also that the lake had no outlet, a chemist would instinctively deduce that the energy supply must come from the gases, since these were the only products evolved. In 1912 I accompanied Dr. A. L. Day on another expedition, with the object of collecting some of these gases and determining their composition. The results of that expedition are familiar to you.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00259

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper discusses the concentration of metallic constituents by means of the vapor‐phase activity of an igneous body. Many geologists and geochemists have considered the possibility of such concentration; and its probability became apparent after studying the incrustations found in the volcanic area of Alaska known as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. In this Valley, approximately a cubic mile of a rhyolitic pumice was deposited after having been blown through the old floor of the Valley. Many fumaroles are located in the pumiceous area. The persistence of relatively high temperatures (97° to 650°) and great volumes of steam since the eruption in 1912 indicate that the emanations derive their heat from a fairly deep‐seated igneous

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00263

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The craters and other surface features of the Moon have long attracted the attention of astronomers and geologists and many hypotheses have been suggested to account for their origin. Although a host of detailed observations have been made, we do not yet know definitely how any one of these features was formed, nor do we know definitely what the materials are that we see exposed on the Moon. The chief difficulty that confronts the geologist in his study of lunar physiography is the visualization of the conditions that obtain there; namely, lack of running water and of an atmosphere, and gravity only one‐sixth that at the Earth's surface. Terrestrial features are so profoundly modified and altered by the action of water and of air that our whole geological experience is built up around these factors. The first task of the geologist who wishes to study the physiography of the Moon is to ascertain the physical environment of its surface materials and then to gather experience in the effects, produced by such conditions. Erosion, weathering, and cementation in the ordinary terrestrial sense are inactive forces on the Moon's surface. Sedimentary rocks are apparently absent; they do not, as on the Earth, constitute the history‐book of the Moon. In the absence of an atmosphere and of circulating water, geological history of the kind we know on the Earth cannot be recor

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00266-2

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On July 1, 1924, Congress transferred the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, with its staff and equipment, from the Weather Bureau in the Department of Agriculture, to the Geological Survey in the Department of the Interior. This transfer brought to the Survey a going scientific concern. Since 1911, Dr. T. A. Jaggar, Jr., in charge of this observatory, at first under the auspices of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and later under the Weather Bureau, with the aid of local support in the Hawaiian Islands, has been engaged in a study of the volcanological problems exhibited at Kilauea. Throughout this period systematic records have been made of all the phenomena of volcanism that have been observed. Seismographs have been installed and records of tremors accumulated for systematic study; fluctuations of lava‐levels in the pit of Halemaumau, the overflows from this pit and from the rifts in adjacent regions, including the outbursts along the slopes of Mauna Loa, have been studied. The composition of lavas and their gases have been made the particular subject of a joint research between the Observatory and the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington; variations in land‐level, including tilt of the land toward and from the volcanic centers, have been recorded. Systematic reports on all of the observed phenomena have been published locally and summaries of them are in course of publication in more permanent f

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00269

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The only matters needing report in connection with my activities in atmospheric electricity are briefly noted in the following paragraphs.(1) I have developed a theory which is explained in its title as follows: A Modification of the Electromagnetic Equations consistent with restricted relativity and providing a possible explanation of the origin of the Earth's, electric charge, of the Earth's magnetic field, and of gravitation. This paper was published in abstract form towards the end of my paper on “The Earth's Electric and Magnetic Phenomena,” in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for February, 1926. It is now in process of publication in extended form in the Philosophical Magazine. It will also appear in the publication of the papers presented at the International Mathematical Congress in Toronto a couple of years

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00275

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1922, geophysical methods were used for the first time in the United States as an aid to detect mineral deposits, especially oil‐bearing structures, which could not be found by geological investigations alone. The first instrument employed for that purpose was the Eoetvoes torsion balance; shortly after, seismic investigations were started, and recently magnetic and electric methods have been taken up. Thus far, the mining industry has used geophysical methods comparatively little. Magnetometers have been applied sometimes in search for iron ores in our northern states; for other ore deposits the electrical methods have been employed; extensively, however, only in Canad

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00276

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An exhibit of geophysical instruments, researches, and applications was displayed from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. during Friday, April 22, through Friday, April 29, 1927 (except Sunday, April 24), in the southwest and northeast exhibit‐rooms of the building of the National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council, Washington, D.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR008i001p00281

年代:1927

数据来源: WILEY