摘要:

In connection with a contribution published among the communications to the First Pan‐Pacific Scientific Conference, entitled “The Problem of Ascertaining the Configuration of the Basin of the Pacific Ocean,” occasion has been taken to refer to the manuscript sheets of the bathymetrical chart of the world, prepared by the U.S. Hydrographic Office, setting forth the authentic deep‐sea soundings, as evidence of the small extent to which the oceanic basins have been sounded and as showing the inadequacy of existing measurements to define the contours of configuration beyond the continental shoulder. While it must be remembered that not all the recorded soundings could be entered in some parts of this chart, yet, where none are laid down, none have ever been measured: and in regions where soundings are represented, if all the recorded soundings could be included instead of the selection which is given where the room does not allow more to be shown, there would yet be too few in general to serve for the delineation of contours of configuration of the bottom of the ocean. Nevertheless, there are some parts of the ocean where the number and distribution of the measurements have proved sufficient to afford an approach toward a fulfilment of this purpose, notably in the lane extending from California to Hawaii, of which a contoured map and profiles are published in United States Senate Executive Document No. 153, 52nd Congress, 1st Session, being the Report of the Results of the Survey for the Purpose of Determining the Practicability of Laying a Telegraphic Cable between the United States and the Hawaiian Islands. And, recently, the method of measuring the depth of the ocean by means of the Sonic‐Depth Finder has been employed in the survey of a tract of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean 34,000 square miles in extent, bordering the coast from San Francisco to San Diego and extending seaward to the depth of 2,000 fathoms. A map of the topography of the ocean floor resulting from this survey by two vessels of the Navy in the course of 34 days was presented with t

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR004i001p00138

年代:1923

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The distribution of heat, chemical properties, and substances dissolved in the water of reservoirs, lakes and oceans depends both upon external agencies and the internal processes of conduction, and diffusion. But the latter phenomena taking place in large bodies of water, are entirely different in kind from what controlled laboratory experiments reveal. The well‐known laws of conduction and diffusion deduced fromlaboratoryexperiments can not be carried over into thefieldwhere the corresponding phenomena are of a large scale type peculiar to natur

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR004i001p00139

年代:1923

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Estuary tides are of great importance; because many of the largest harbours of the world are in estuaries. Ocean transportation is thus carried as far inland as possible. The situation of estuary harbours seems to be determined by the point on the estuary where the tide attains its maximum range, before the height of the tide begins to be cut off by the river slope.The most generally used method for the calculation of tide tables, is the harmonic analysis; by which tidal constants are determined, to serve as a basis for the prediction of tides in a future year. This method answers well so long as the tide curve is symmetrical, as it is on the open coast of the ocean. The tidal constants are then almost wholly of an astronomical character, in accordance with the positions of the sun and moon. But when the tide passes over some hundreds of miles of relatively shallow water, or up an estuary of any considerable extent, other elements become too large to be ignored. These elements are hydraulic in character rather than astronomical; since they are due to the balance between the momentum of the tidal streams and the retardation of bottom and lateral friction; as well as to the contrary flow of the river against the incoming tidal undulation. The tide curve itself is modified; becoming steeper during the rise of the tide and longer and flatter during the fall.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR004i001p00141-2

年代:1923

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to show that a considerable amount of oceanographic data can be obtained by public vessels at comparatively small cost without seriously interfering with their regular duties and that it is not necessary to defer further exploration of the oceans until such time as well‐equipped expeditions can be organized.During the spring and summer of 1919, and again during the summer and fall of 1922, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey had occasion to transfer several of its surveying vessels from the Atlantic to the Pacific and vice vers

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR004i001p00147

年代:1923

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A joint meeting of the Sections of Volcanology and Geophysical Chemistry of the American Geophysical Union was held at the Carnegie Institution of Washington on April 18, 1923, and was devoted to a symposium and discussion on the temperatures of hot springs and the sources of their heat and water supply. Ten papers were presented.The temperatures of hot springs range all the way from those found in warm springs in the mountains of Virginia, some of which are only slightly above the annual mean temperature, up through boiling springs and mud pots such as are found in our western volcanic regions, to fumarole temperatures of about 650°C, the highest temperature found in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, reported on by E. G. Zies in his paper on “Hot Springs and Fumaroles of the Katmai Regio

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR004i001p00149

年代:1923

数据来源: WILEY