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1. |
NSF scientific and funding priorities in Earth sciences |
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Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union,
Volume 70,
Issue 6,
1989,
Page 81-89
David H. Speidel,
Ian D. MacGregor,
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摘要:
The Earth Science Division (EAR) of the National Science Foundation provides about two‐thirds of the funding for basic geological scientific research at academic institutions in the United States. This funding is provided through three budget units: Earth Science Project Support, which funds individual researchers; Instrumentation and Facilities, for the support of research equipment for individual investigators and larger facilities for shared use; and Continental Lithosphere, for the support of large multidisciplinary and multiinstitutional studies of the continental lithosphere.The latter two programs, established in 1984, open opportunities for new styles of research not previously available through the programs for individual investigators. From 1980 to 1988, the EAR budget increased from $25.98 million to $51.29 million, allowing the number of awards per year during that period to double. Over the same period, applications more than doubled, leading to a decline in the success rate from over 40% to less than 30%. Similarly, average award size increased but at a rate less than inflation. Congressional appropriations for EAR have been significantly less than the amounts requested in the President's budget r8—Hi‐⅞ for NSF in the last 4 fiscal years, thus stalling the ability of the division to increase both the success rate and the amounts of individual grants and to move forward with a fully diversified research agenda. In 1986 the Advisory Committee for Earth Sciences (ACES), the official external advisor to the EAR scientific staff, reexamined this diversified agenda and began to develop a set of long‐range scientific and fiscal p
ISSN:0002-8606
DOI:10.1029/89EO00047
年代:1989
数据来源: WILEY
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2. |
GLOBEC Global Ecosystem Dynamics |
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Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union,
Volume 70,
Issue 6,
1989,
Page 82-84
Anonymous,
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PDF (618KB)
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摘要:
Objective: To understand ocean ecosystem dynamics and how they are influenced by physical processes so that the predictability of population fluctuations in a changing global climate can be assessed.Though it is likely that human activity plays a significant role in marine population fluctuations, determination of the relative importance of humans and nature in these changes has not, to date, been possible. Many correlations between population variability and associated biological and physical variables have been reported. However, these correlations are generally unsuccessful predictors of population variability, and, hence, of limited usefulness.
ISSN:0002-8606
DOI:10.1029/89EO00051
年代:1989
数据来源: WILEY
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3. |
Geochemical Thermodynamics |
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Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union,
Volume 70,
Issue 6,
1989,
Page 84-84
Bert E. Nordlie,
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摘要:
This textbook is designed for first‐year graduate students, with the authors' stated objectives of emphasizing the basic principles of thermodynamics and describing these principles within a geochemical framework. The book admirably achieves these goals. It also fills a gap in geoscience textbooks since other books on the topic are either out‐ofdate, out‐of‐print, somewhat specialized, or lack coverage of major aspects important to geochemistry. It is a friendly book.For at least the past two decades, thermodynamics has become an integral part of geochemical investigations and this will almost certainly continue and increase. Students with advanced degrees in many fields of geoscience will be seriously handicapped if they are not able to critically read and understand articles that include thermodynamics and interact with colleagues who use this tool. Unfortunately, it is typically necessary to introduce students to the subject through a course designed for chemists or physicists. Such courses usually involve detailed, sophisticated derivations and problem solving that is theoretical or uninteresting to the geoscientist, a general flavor that that diverges considerably from the needs pertinent to geochemistry. Phase equilibria, solid solutions, and aqueous electrolyte solutions, are often given little, if any, attention. Students generally return from such an experience “wrung out” and unsure of the purpose for taking the course. To make the experience useful, the topics not covered must then be presented by the student's department with considerable rehashing of the basic principles. This unfriendly process is largely overcome by Nordstrom and Munoz with consistent use of geologically pertinent examples, minimization of derivations, emphasis of geochemical thermodynamics, a personal style of writing (“you” and “we”), and scattered humor such as the earthy example of the second law on p. 40 and the cartoons of “perplexed penguins” at
ISSN:0002-8606
DOI:10.1029/89EO00053
年代:1989
数据来源: WILEY
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4. |
Oceanographers form new scientific society |
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Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union,
Volume 70,
Issue 6,
1989,
Page 85-85
D. James Baker,
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摘要:
1988 saw the formation of a new scientific society for oceanographers, The Oceanography Society. Modeled on other disciplinary societies like the American Meteorological Society and the American Astronomical Society, the goals of the Oceanography Society are to strengthen communication among oceanographers, to develop and disseminate knowledge of oceanography, and to provide recognition of the achievements of oceanographers. Aimed at serving all disciplines of ocean sciences including applications and technology, the new society had more than 1800 members by the end of the past year.The Oceanography Society has come about because of the recognition by oceanographers of the need for a body to focus on oceanographic issues, which are becoming more and more important for our nation. Oceanography as a field of science has been immensely helped by publications, meetings and other efforts by supporting societies such as the Ocean Sciences Section of the American Geophysical Union, the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, the Marine Technology Society, and the American Meteorological Society. At the same time, there is recognition that oceanography needs a voice of its own, and that a society of ocean scientists can fruitfully exist alongside a national union representing the broader interests of all of the geophysical sciences.
ISSN:0002-8606
DOI:10.1029/89EO00052
年代:1989
数据来源: WILEY
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5. |
EPA underwrites technology transfer |
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Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union,
Volume 70,
Issue 6,
1989,
Page 90-90
Anonymous,
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摘要:
The Environmental Protection Agency will establish a multi‐million dollar corporation at the University of Pittsburgh that will aim to speed up the commercial development of environmental technology. The National Environmental Technology Applications Corporation (NETAC) will be responsible for identifying promising projects underway around the country and helping usher techniques and products into the marketplace.According to EPA administrator Lee Thomas, “NETAC will be a positive force for changing the way government and industry work together in the environmental area. It will provide a new approach that will effectively increase the transfer of pollution control technologies among environmental decision‐makers in both government and indu
ISSN:0002-8606
DOI:10.1029/EO070i006p00090-01
年代:1989
数据来源: WILEY
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