摘要:

The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere was measured over the Pacific Ocean. The measurements were made at altitudes of 3.8, 5.2 and 6 4 km and between geomagnetic latitudes of 22 and 45°N. The value of q computed from the measured conductivity values agrees very well with those derived from cosmic‐ray da

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00833

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Aeromagnetic surveying within the auroral zone is complicated by the high incidence of severe magnetic disturbance. Although corrections for the time variations could be made by means of data obtained from a ground station located centrally within the survey area, the areal extent over which such corrections would be valid is not known. The paper gives magnetic‐disturbance data obtained from two simultaneously operated ground stations, placed initially 130 mi apart (209 km), and later 87 mi (140 km) apart, within the auroral zone. It is found that such corrections would be seriously in error for separations of this order between ground and air station

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00836

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Results obtained by Brunt, Frost, Jaeger, and Knighting are briefly reviewed, and it is shown that the exact results of Jaeger and Knighting are closely duplicated by a much simpler expression obtained primarily through use of two simplifying assumptions: (1) A finite depth of modification of the lower layers of the atmosphere is assumed which increases through the night and below which heat flux is constant with height. (2) Starting at sunset, the diffusive flux of heat from the soil and from the lower atmosphere is constant through the night. The expression is compared with experimental data obtained by the University of Texas, and it is found to yield results which agree well with observation in the absence of such complicating factors as cloudiness and condensation.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00841

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Wave‐like patterns appearing on aerial photographs of Georgia Strait are interpreted as marking regions of intense surface roughness over the convergences associated with internal waves. The 16‐ft tide of the Strait is suggested as the source of energy for the wa

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00849

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The sampling of beach sand involves questions of sample size, depth of penetration; sample spacing, and sampling for seasonal variations. These problems can be studied by analysis of variance, in which experiments are designed to explore several relations at a time. The experimental design is controlled in part by natural subdivisions of the beach. These subdivisions include backshore, foreshore, and a nearshore submerged zone. Each displays certain “population” characteristics in terms of bedding, particle‐size distribution firmness, and other attributes.Sampling experiments conducted over the past several years are described and summarized in terms of observed variations which occur on Lake Michigan beaches. In general, it was found that most beach characteristics are normally distributed within limited areas of the beach, and that the beach crest (berm) is an important dividing line between different populations of many beach attributes. A tentative design for sampling beach sand is submitted as a result of the st

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00857

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Geodetic positions can be transferred from one ellipsoid to another by calculating x, y coordinates on some standard projection for the first ellipsoid and then, regarding the x, y coordinates as identical on the two ellipsoids reversing the computation using the constants and tables appropriate to the second ellipsoid. It is shown that the distortions introduced in this way are proportional to the distortions of the projection used for calculating the x, y coordinates, and that the ratio of proportionality is equal to the fractional change in the Gaussian curvatures.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00869

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There exist two types of sediment load, one that bears a certain relationship with the discharge (bed‐material load), and the other which does not (wash load). The result of flume study indicates that the transport rate of wash load, just as that of the bed‐material load, can be calculated according to the Einstein bed‐load function if the instantaneous bed composition is known. On the other hand, the bed‐material load is equally available in the entire bed, but only the surface bed layer contains any significant amount of wash‐load material. Any change of flow or of sediment supply may immediately change the composition of the wash‐load material in the bed. The bed composition as determined from the instantaneous condition of the channel has no lasting significance so far as the wash load is concerned, and this makes the prediction of the wash‐load rate from the bed‐load func

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00876

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ablation, melting, and absorption of solar radiation were measured on a glacier of the Nevado de Huagaruancha in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru. From the results it is inferred that (1) evaporation amounts to about five per cent of the melt; (2) the amount of melt is determined largely by the amount of solar radiation absorbed between onset of thaw in the morning and onset of diurnal cloudiness in the afternoon (with average cloudiness, the melt is about one cm daily, rising to 1.5 cm on unusually sunny days); and (3) darkening of the snow increases melt by increasing absorption of radiation and lengthening the period of melting.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00883

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stationary waves at the surface of a stream due to a two‐dimensional roughness of small amplitude at the bottom are investigated. Results similar to those of Kelvin for one‐dimensional roughness are obtai

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00889

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The double‐mass method is commonly used in the interpretation of precipitation records. Interpretation of double‐mass curves frequently involves rejection or acceptance of indicated changes in slope. Often, the decision must be based on inadequate station records. In any case, it is important that the analyst should know the probability of getting an abrupt slope change purely by chance. The significance of any slope change can be evaluated by a statistical treatment making use of range instead of standard deviations. The application is simplified by a special protractor and simple nomogr

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR034i006p00893

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY