摘要:

It is now 30 years since forecasts of stream‐flow were first attempted. Their value and relative magnitude are shown by the following warning sent out by the California Director of Public Works:“A warning to agriculturists, irrigation‐ and water‐districts, the mining industry and power‐companies to conserve to the utmost their impounded water‐supplies was sounded by Director of Public Works Frank W. Clark today in submitting to Governor Culbert L. Olson the annual forecasts of runoff from California

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00489

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This report is made to the Committee at the request of Dean Thorndike Saville, Chairman of the Special Advisory Committee on Hydrologic Data established by the Water Resources Committee of the National Resources Committee. It describes an informal exploration into the possibility of adapting the procedure used by the agencies which in increasing number are reporting snow‐conditions for use by winter sportsmen, so that the observations may secure data of hydrologic value. The undertaking was stimulated by the information brought together at the Western Interstate Snow‐Survey Conference at Davis, California, January 8, 1938. It appeared that the wide variation in terms used in different localities to classify snow‐condition constituted a major difficulty and that the most practical approach at this time would be by promoting agreement on a standard nomenclature, which, while equally or more useful to winter sportsmen, will have a basis sufficiently scientific to support its hydrologic applic

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00506

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stimulated by information which was brought together at the Western Interstate Snow‐Survey Conference at Davis, California, January 8, 1938, we have given some thought to the practical losses which result from the wide variation in terms used in different localities to classify snow‐condition. We have concluded that it is highly desirable to make a practical exploration, by field‐trial, of the possibility of finding terms to describe snow‐condition which may prove of greatest value to those interested in winter sports and, at the same time, be sufficiently exact and identical in their meaning at all reporting stations to make the reports useful also as scientific basic data for other purposes. We are asking you, as one of a limited number of selected observers, to help us in this preliminary exploratory study.For a number of reasons it appears desirable to make this trial in the eastern winter‐sports areas, where snow‐cover conditions are subject to wide local variations and to great variation during the day. Furthermore, the skiing hitherto has been principally on narrow forest‐trails which soon become hardpacked, if not icy, and relatively simple reports on the condition of such trails (“good,” “fair,” “poor,” etc.) have sufficed for the great majority of skiers. But the present trend is toward more open‐slope skiing and ski‐touring. This will require a broadening of the field of reporting; it is our belief that every effort should be made to base the broadened nomenclature upon principles which are scientifically correct and exact enough to enable a skier to become snow‐wise and more competent to make his own forecasts from the weather‐reports as to what will have happened to the snow by the time he gets there. It is believed that in Europe such study and skill in prediction of snow‐conditions is a recognized qualifi

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00508

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The rapid growth of winter sports, and particularly skiing, in New England, in the past few years, and the ever‐increasing demand on the meteorologist to forecast conditions likely to be expected at a certain time over a certain terrain, have created a definite problem. R. G. Stone of the Blue Hill Observatory has carried on some interesting statistical and observational surveys of the snow‐cover in New England at the request of the Recreational Planning Branch of the National Park Service in an effort to establish the relative merits of the various areas for winter sports purposes [Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 1938, part II, pp. 720

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00515

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The membership of the Committee was increased in 1938 by the addition of E. W. Lane. The present membership is as follows: Harry F. Blaney, N. W. Cummings, Robert Follansbee, J. A. Folse, S. T. Harding, Robert E. Horton, Ivan E. Houk, E. W. Lane, R. E. Kennedy, G. F. McEwen, Carl Rohwer, C. M. Saville, Thorndike Saville. The Committee's recommendations for a program of investigations in evaporation from water‐surfaces were the basis of the Committee's report in April 1938. This report recommended that such work should be undertaken adjacent to some large water‐area for which the evaporation could be measured. No means of financing such a program has been found. In July 1938 a Class A Weather Bureau pan and a screened pan were installed adjacent to Lake Elsinore in Southern California. This represents a start toward the type of study recommen

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00517

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Committee on Glaciers at present is constituted as follows:Harry Fielding Reid—Professor‐Emeritus of Geology, Johns Hopkins University (former member of the International Glacier Commission), 608 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, MarylandWilliam H. Hobbs—Professor‐Emeritus of Geology, University of Michigan (until recently Vice‐ President of the International Glacier Commission, at present associate member), Ann Arbor, MichiganJ. E. Church—Professor of Classics, University of Nevada (President of the International Commission of Snow, and Chairman of the Committee on Snow of the Section of Hydrology, American Geophysical Union), Reno, NevadaColonel Lawrence Martin—Chief of the Division of Maps, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Wm. Osgood Field, Jr.—Explorer, 18 West Twelfth Street, New York, N.Y.Earl A. Trager—Chief of the Naturalist Division, National Park Service, Washington, D. C.Glenn L. Parker—District Engineer, Water Resources Branch, United States Geological Survey, 406 Federal Building, Tacoma, WashingtonOliver Kehrlein—Chairman, Committee on Glacier Studies, Sierra Club, 1050 Mills Tower, San Francisco, CaliforniaKenneth N. Phillips—Associate Hydraulic Engineer, Water Resources Branch, United States Geological Survey, Chairman, Research Committee of the Mazamas, 606 Post‐Office Building, Portland, OregonWilliam S. Cooper—Professor of Botany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Gerald FitzGerald, Senior Topographic Engineer, Alaska Branch, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.Laurence M. Gould, Professor of Geology, Carleton College, Northfield, MinnesotaFrançois E. Matthes,Chairman, Senior Geologist, Section of Glacial Geology, United States Geological Survey (titular member of the International Glacier Commission), Washington, D.C.In 1938, as in previous years, the Committee devoted its energies primarily to the collecting of data on the variations in length and volume of American glaciers, it being felt that the maintenance of a continuous record of these variations is of prime importance, not only to hydrology and glaciology, but, as has become increasingly evident recently, also to climatology, geomorphology, geography, ecology, history, and archaeology. As the time available for the work of the Committee is limited and does not permit covering the entire field of glaciology, it seems best to devote it before all else to this line of research which yields results of value to so many different sciences. Besides, the gathering of data on glacier‐oscillations is not a one‐man job that can be taken up or dropped at convenience from time to time, but is an organized and far‐flung enterprise whose success depends upon the faithful cooperation of many volunteer workers located in different parts of the country. Such an enterprise, once launched, must be kept running or it will disintegrate and the precious enthusiasm

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00518

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The personnel of the committee during the past year has included the following: H. F. Elaney; S. T. Harding; R. E. Horton; Charles H. Lee; B. E. Livingston; G. E. P. Smith; and W. N. White.Individual members of the Committee have been active in their individual fields, but the activities of the Committee as a whole have been limited to compilation of references on absorption and transpiration for the “Bibliography of hydrology for the United States for the year 1938,” which is published separately by the American Geophysical Un

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00523

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Following are data on watersheds and fields with supplementary plots and lysimeters for surface‐runoff, operated by the Soil Conservation Service through its Division of Research or as designated in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. Tables 1 to 10 show that hydrologic research is being conducted on surface‐areas covering a wide range. The size of the areas varies from approximately 700 square miles to a few square feet in area for lysimeters.Conservation Experiment Stations Division—This Division is making surface‐runoff measurements on 27 experimental farms distributed in 20 States and on which are made measurements of hydrologic factors as follows: (1) On about 50 small watersheds or fields from 3/4 to 68 acres; (2) on about 170 terraces from approximately 0.05 to seven acres; (3) on about 560 plots ranging in size from 0.005 to tw

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00525

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Gale River Experimental ForestWhite Mountain National Forest, Coos County, New Hampshire—Area, 1320 acres; spruce‐fir forest; relation of forest‐density and composition to depth of soil‐freezing and infiltration‐capacityLawrence Hopkins Memorial Experimental ForestBerkshire County, Williamstown, Massachusetts—Area, 1600 acres; second‐growth northern hardwoods; relation of forest‐management practice in young hardwood forests to runoff‐characteristics o

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00540

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

[The following members constitute the Committee:Dr. F. J. Alway, University of Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul, MinnesotaDr. L. D. Baver, University of Missouri, Columbia, MissouriDr. G. B. Bodman, University of California, Berkeley, CaliforniaDr. T. F. Buehrer, University of Arizona, Tucson, ArizonaDr. I. A. Denison, National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.Dr. N. E. Edlefsen, University of California, Davis, California Dr. H. J. Fraser, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CaliforniaDr. R. E. Horton, Voorheesville, New YorkDr. O. W. Israelsen, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, UtahDr. P. G. Nutting, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.Dr. L. B. Olmstead, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.Mr. W. O. Smith, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.Mr. E. A. Willis, Bureau of Public Roads, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer (Chairman), University of California, Davis, California]The relation between volume of compacted soils and moisture‐content recently has come to be used as a criterion of the desirability of use of that soil as an engineering material. Numerous articles have appeared describing the methods used to bring the soil to the desired moisture‐cont

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR020i004p00543

年代:1939

数据来源: WILEY