摘要:

A warm friend to very many and a distinguished scientist passed away quietly in San Mateo, California July 29, 1956, while visiting with his only d, Mrs. Margaret F. Atkinson. He was 79 years old, He had recently taken up residence in a nursing borne near by, where he lived an interested pleasant existence for a few weeks. From December, 1955, until June, 1956, he had lived at the Cosmos Club in Washington in the company of old friends. His wife had passed away in November, 1955.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00531

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As part of a broader study on the figure of the Earth, a tentative size is derived based on four arcs: a meridional arc extending from South Africa to Scandinavia, a meridional arc extending from Chile to Canada, a parallel traversing the United States, and a parallel extending from western Europe to Siberia. The first two arcs were completed within the past three years and are the longest of their kind ever available—about 100° in length. The information they supply on the Earth's size is presented here for the first time.The data were applied in two forms: astrogeodetic (free‐air), and isostatically reduced deflections. The solutions assumed a flattening, ƒ = 1/(297 ± 1). The following values were obtained for the semi‐major axis a: free‐air, 6,378,240 ± 100 m; and isostatic, 6,378,285 db 100 m. As a single value, 6,378,260 =b 100 m can be taken. The uncertainty of a is due not only to the data, but also in large measure to the assumed uncertainty in ƒ, and to an uncertainty due to the systematic undulations of the geoid as given

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00534

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is shown that the hydrostatic equation is sufficient to explain a distribution of isohyets on a mountain. The particular case of the logarithmic spacing in Hawaii is discussed and a more general form of the distribution equation is derived.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00546

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Greater accuracy will be attained in streamline analysis if the streamlines are initially drawn in segments each in the direction toward narrower streamline spacing. Lines which divide the map into regions of confluence and difluence, ‘non‐fluence’ lines, provide both the starting and terminal points for such streamline segments. Such non‐fluence lines are the loci of points of orthogonality of rulings (streamlines) and isogons; they are the inflection lines of the set of orthogonal streamlines. In addition to this aid in the more accurate construction of streamlines, they prove useful in the interpretation of streamline maps and in theoretical conside

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00549

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Water temperature measurements over the San Pedro Shelf off Southern California have shown that cool subsurface water may move to the surface at the inner margins of the continental shelf in the absence of wind. The movement of the cool water indicates that it may have a tidal period. Possible mechanisms for this motion include, (1) internal waves, and (2) tidally‐generated ‘cold spots.’ Both are discussed in relation to the observed temperature changes in the San Pedro area.It is concluded that similar movements of cool subsurface water may occur along any coast regardless of the orientation of the dominant or prevailing winds. Factors of most importance in the development of such upwellings seem to be the range and characteristics of the tide and, perhaps, a properly oriented irregular bottom topography. These observations point to a possible mechanism for the formation of some nearshore fogs, and also show the need for a study of factors other than wind which lead to the rising of cold deeper water over the

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00553

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cruise 15 of the M.V. Hugh M. Smith consisted of four consecutive lines of oceanographic stations along 140°W longitude between 8°N and 7°S latitude. Geostrophic calculations show that during a five‐week period the maximum eastward velocity component in the Countercurrent progressively increased from 63 to 120 cm/sec and the volume of flow increased from 18.3 to 22.6 X 106m3/sec.In spite of these short‐term variations, the Equatorial Countercurrent in the central Pacific is remarkably predictable in latitude and general physical character

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00558

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Experimental results on the transformation of wave height, length and steepness on a plane beach of 1/15 slope are compared with the small amplitude theory of Airy. The effects of wave shape and beach slope on the applicability of the theory are shown through comparison with these data and with those of former investigators. The theory is found applicable to the prediction of steepness. Additional observations on the transformation of crest height and length are presented and discussed with respect to their influence on the mass‐transport velocitie

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00565

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A technique for the measurement of subsurface currents is described in which a standard parachute is used at depth as a sea anchor for a small surface float. By tracing a series of drogues set at various depths, a current profile may be obtained. Hydrodynamic corrections (amounting to about ten per cent of the shear) have been computed and other refinements incorporated which make this a feasible method for measuring the main structure of the major ocean currents down to depths where the current is five to ten per cent that of the surface current.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00573

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The influence of various climatic factors on snowmelt runoff was determined through 583 multiple correlations for streams in a Bureau of Reclamation multiple‐purpose reservoir system located in northern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming. The use of highspeed electronic computers facilitated the solution of the equations and the determination of various statistical parameters considered indicative of accuracy. The superiority of using both precipitation and snow‐survey data as primary factors was indicated. Other factors, including winter and spring temperature and melt‐season precipitation, were found helpful in individual cases, but not uniformly. Investigations of factors antecedent to the snow‐accumulation period revealed no significant increase in accuracy. Numerous investigations were also made of different methods of weighting the primary

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00578

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The interest in sub‐irrigation has lately been revived because of its successful application in a number of sandy soils, peats, and some heavy soils in the Netherlands. In heavy soils the difficulty is encountered that water extraction by roots tends to exceed moisture replenishment from a water table. This is related to the slow capillary movement in heavy soils and to the fact that the rate of this movement declines progressively as the soil‐moisture content is further depleted by the roots. The rate can be maintained where the soil is kept moist by occasional rain storms during the period of sub‐irrigation. This point is illustrated by experimental work at Rukuhia. Measurement of pasture production at various depths of water table and under varying climatic conditions showed that sub‐irrigation can be quite successful if supplemented by rain; in the absence of rain sub‐irrigation was quite inefficient. Some observations have been referred to which show that substantial amounts of water can be derived from a water table, even in heavy soils, where active roots penetrate close to it, but an undue rise in the level of the water table should be averted in

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i005p00588

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY