摘要:

Nearly all geomagnetic perturbations that are of origin external to the earth are directly or indirectly caused by the sun. Therefore one would expect that, in general, geomagnetic activity would be high when the sun becomes active. While this may be true so far as the overall impressions from visual inspection of magnetograms are concerned, the relation between solar activity and geomagnetic activity is by no means simple. This is in part because the geomagnetic field undergoes many different types of variations which have vastly different magnitudes, time scales, and scale sizes. For instance, global effects of a severe magnetic storm may last for several days, or substorms that mainly disturb polar regions typically last from one to a few hours. At another extreme, magnetic pulsations that have periods from a fraction of 1 second to a few tens of minutes may sustain their activity more or less continuously or intermittently for several hours, or even days, or they may have isolated occurrences. Magnetic perturbations that are associated with large‐scale disturbances have magnitudes from several tens to a few thousand nanoteslas (1 nT = 1γ), while magnetic pulsations have amplitudes from the order of picotesla (1 pT = 1 mγ) to tens of nanotesla. Thus one can define several different kinds of geomagnetic activity that represent diversely different disturbance phenomena. However, by the term ‘geomagnetic activity’ we usually mean large‐scale disturbances that are mainly caused by magnetic storms and substorms, and we follow this conven

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO061i043p00673

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

John Anderson, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan were invited to respond to the questions reproduced in the box below. The comments of Reagan and Carter follow.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO061i043p00674-01

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has provided the bulk of federal support for ‘basic science’ since the end of the 1960's when most other federal funds moved toward the support of applied, industrial, social, and other‐than‐basic research. Right now, even this small portion of the nation's research budget appears to be threatened. In September, hearings began on H.R. 6910, a bill that contains a proposal for a National Technology Foundation (NTF) to replace the NSF. Congress has always been concerned about how programs of the NSF contribute to critical national needs; now concerted strong criticism is being voiced by major engineering societies that are pushing for more support of engineering research and training. According to a report inScience(September 26, 1980) there is ‘concern that U.S. excellence in science is not being translated into technological innovation,’ and this concern is ‘forcing a reassessment of the way NSF is organized and operates.’ Apparently, some legislators feel that the way to remedy this condition is to cut the support of science to reduce

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO061i043p00676-01

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This meeting was held May 26–30, 1980, in Venice, Italy. Attendance (about 250) was extremely good and included most of the leading workers in the field of satellite remote sensing of the oceans as well as observers from scientific organizations and space agencies. They symposium occurred at a good time with respect to the U.S. Seasat and Nimbus 7 missions, the First Garp (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Global Experiment observing period, and immediate plans in Europe, the USSR, and Japan for ocean‐observing systems.Satellite observations were discussed in oral presentations, usually in the mornings; poster sessions (which were well received by both authors and viewers) in the afternoon; and discussion periods in the late afternoons and at the end of the meet

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO061i043p00677

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY