摘要:

Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen: This occasion is for me an exceptionally happy one. The Bowie Medal was established in honor of my former chief, William Bowie, whom I think of also as a good friend. And tonight we honor with the Bowie Medal a friend of mine of long standing, nearly 30 years of personal acquaintance and a still longer period of friendly correspondence.The majority of the 17 previous medalists were citizens of this country, but only a majority, not all of them. If one were to meet tonight's medalist casually, he would think that our medalist had become a pretty good American, but the record shows that he is an intensely patriotic Finlander, citizen of a country that has been able to survive as an independent nation only because of the intense patriotism of its citizens. He is likewise a citizen of the world.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00263

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A self‐reading continuous recording instrument for measuring changes in gravity as small as one microgal has been developed and employed in earth‐tide studies. The basic force‐measuring device is a modified LaCoste‐Romberg gravity meter, altered to give the required accuracy. A servo‐loop was designed to follow the change continuously and measurements of the tidal variation in gravity have been recorded for over two years with this i

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00266

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Equations are derived which govern the relation between the values of a field component at points that are inverse relative to a spherical boundary carrying the distribution of sources. Inversions are made for surface and double layer distributions. The existence of simple relations of this character accompanies the existence of continuity of the component at the boundary.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00273

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Observations from certain ocean weather ships are used to determine whether or not a certain observed wind speed in cold air (relative to sea temperature) leads to higher waves than does the same wind in warm air. The problem is to eliminate possible correlation between fetch and air‐sea temperature difference. It is concluded that significantly higher waves are generated in cold air than in warm air, the difference amounting to roughly ten percent of the warm air values per degree Centigrad

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00275

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over six days of anchor station hydrographic data from each of three vessels on a line 280 mi long were analyzed for internal waves of tidal (and other) periods. Waves of semidiurnal period with amplitudes greater than 30 ft were found at the nearshore station (40 mi offshore in 1080 fm), but little evidence of these waves or any other periodic phenomena was found at the stations farther offshore though there was considerable vertical fluctuation of isotherms. It is suggested that the waves found originate near the coast in the action of the surface tides and that, since the length of such waves, if free, is short, they either dissipate before proceeding far offshore or, more likely, are so distorted by the varying density structure and water velocity that they are no longer recognized.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00278

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Releveling of bench marks in 1953 and 1954 by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey indicates that subsidence of the land surface has now exceeded ten feet in two areas of the San Joaquin Valley. In the Tulare‐Wasco (or Delano) area of Tulare County, subsidence which was as much as rive feet in 1940 now has about doubled. The maximum rate of subsidence in recent years has been about 0.8 foot a year. In the Los Banos‐Kettleman City area of western Fresno County, major subsidence extends from Ora Loma on the north beyond Huron on the south, a distance of 70 miles or more. The maximum rate there approaches one foot a year. Plots of subsidence against decline in artesian pressure suggest that pressure decline is a major cause of the subsidence. Compaction of the soil after irrigation is known to have caused substantial local subsidence in the Los Banos‐Kettleman City area, and tectonic adjustment and other causes also may have contributed to the subsi

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00287

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ideal ground‐water tracer should correctly depict the movement of water through a porous medium without modifying the transmission characteristics of the system. Cationic materials, including radio‐isotopes and certain organic dyes, are generally unsatisfactory and anionic radio‐isotopes when used without stable carriers may be largely retained by adsorption. Chloride may be satisfactorly used where density effects can be avoided and dispersion of clays is not likely. Organic materials are subject to decomposition by soil microorganisms and hence their value as water tracers are limited. Tritium, when used as tritiated water, may exchange with soil bound water with a resulting reduction in velocity of the tracer

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00297

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Snowpack accumulation and melt at measurement points within snow courses were related to two forest‐cover variables. Water equivalent of the snowpack on April 1 of each year and melt rate after April 1 per unit of degree‐days above 35° F were studied. Cover variables were the amount of shade from trees to the south of a snow measurement point and the amount of shielding from trees to the north of the point. The amount of shade was expressed as the duration of shading between April 1 and June 15, multiplied by the amount of direct solar energy which would have struck the snow surface in the absence of shading. Shielding was expressed by the ratio of average tree height to distance of the trees from the measurement point. Datairom five points in each of five snow courses for three years of record were analyzed by the method of covariance. The analyses showed a high degree of association between the snowpack and forest‐cover variables. The results are interpreted in terms of the timber‐cutting pattern that would result in maximum accumulation of snow, minimum melt rate, and maximum prolonged release of snow water in th

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00307

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Unusually large cobbles or boulders are sometimes observed in gravel deposits. Their occurrence raises the question whether individuals of such size may be considered as part of the pebble population or as 'erratics' transported by ice or other means. Large cebbles or boulders normally present in fluvial gravels presumably are related to competence of the transporting stream. This paper presents data on Brandywine (Pliocene?) gravel in Maryland, beieved to be of fluvial origin. The largest cobbles in subsamples of fixed size were measured and arranged into an extreme‐value distribution. Extreme‐value theory provides a basis for estimating the likelihood of occurrence of large individuals in a given group. The fit is satisfactory in terms of conventional limits, and leads to the belief that all large particles observed in the deposit are normal members of the stream‐pebble population. The study therefore suggests that extreme‐value methods may be applicable to other sedimentary problems. Some necessary mathematical details of the theory for such applications are given in the A

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00313

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A graphical procedure is described for rapid calculation of discordant uraniumlead ages resulting from multiple episodes of uranium‐lead fractionation. A proof of the validity of this graphical procedure is given. The graphical procedure is extended to permit the calculation of the effect of the presence of primary radiogenic lead and of constant loss of intermediate daughter product

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR037i003p00320

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY