摘要:

Within the past year or so, physical‐chemical techniques of wastewater treatment have become sufficiently economical to augment conventional biological methods, and may even replace them if research and development lower cost further. These developments were brought about because of the need for more complete removal of organic wastes from municipal sewage, because of the need to remove inorganic nutrients that are causing eutrophication of lakes, and because of the need in many water‐short places to produce drinking water at a reasonable cost. These new techniques may revolutionize concepts of water management and could affect capital investments involving tens of billions of dollars.We have come a long way from the outdated and unacceptable concept that ‘the solution to pollution is dilution,’ when pollution problems were solved simply by carrying the wastes away with plenty of water, and natural processes could absorb the pollution input. Even so, we have not moved far, most waste treatment processes now being used were in development over the last fifty years. Biological or ‘secondary’ treatment basically accelerates the natural processes through which bacteria oxidize organic material, converting it into CO2and its inorganic components. Removing most of the oxygen‐demanding material (BOD) before discharging the effluent keeps the dissolved oxygen in streams from being seriously depleted. This in turn assures that the stream will not become anaerobic, that fish will not die, and that the recreational and aesthetic value of the stream will be maintained. But with increasing population concentrations, even an 80% to 90% BOD removal may not be good enough. And, of course, biological processes do not effectively remove inorganic nutrients, which lead to the growth of noxious algae and weeds, especially in lakes

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00150-01

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On February 9, 1970, the government weather services in the United States celebrated their one hundredth anniversary. A century ago President Grant signed a joint resolution of Congress authorizing telegraphic collection of weather messages and the issuing of storm warnings.As has often been the case, this legislation was born as a result of disasters. Storm catastrophes had caused great shipping losses on the Great Lakes and in coastal waters. The Signal Service of the Army, in control of the best communication network in the country, was given this new responsibilty. Over two decades earlier Joseph Henry, the erudite first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution had tried to inaugurate a weather service. But the gentle scientist to whom acquisition of knowledge was more important than service did not convince Congress to spend public funds for such purpose. Thus General Albert Myer, a persuasive M.D., became the organizer of a synoptic service. He had at his side very talented civilian help, especially Cleveland Abbe who, with Increase Lapham, was the godfather of the meteorological service. Distinguished members of the then young National Academy of Sciences took a major interest in meteorology. Best known among them was William Ferrel, the first to create a sound theory of atmospheric motions.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00151

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article is part of a report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Long‐Range Program of Solid Earth Studies prepared at the request of IUGG/IUGS to provide a starting point or basic framework for coordinated future efforts in geology and solid earth geophysics. It was intended for internal use by IUGG and IUGS as a planning document, and as such it assumes familiarity with the subject matter and with the basic problems in earth science. It also draws heavily upon the administrative experience and the scientific results gained during the Upper Mantle Project. Committee Members included B. Baker, C. Drake (Chairman), X. Le Pichon, E. Lubimova, D. McKenzie, E. Niggli, and T. Rikitake.Members of the Committee served as individuals rather than as representatives of organizations or countries. The document contains a basic program agreed to by all the Committee members, and members who had additional comments were asked to submit covering letters containing these. The letters have not been published, but the main thrust of the comments was that regional studies and regional cooperative programs in areas of special significance should not be neglected in a program oriented toward global problem

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00152

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Approximately 150 engineers and scientists from 15 countries attended the International Symposium on Land Subsidence held at Tokyo, Japan, from September 17 through 24, 1969. The symposium was sponsored by Unesco, the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH), the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE), the Science Council of Japan, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and the Japanese National Commission for Unesco. The symposium was organized within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade (IHD). All papers sessions were held at the conference center of the Akasaka Prince Hotel in Tokyo.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00160

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Regents of the University of California have approved a proposal by Scripps Institution of Oceanography calling for construction of an $18.6 million experimental inshore oceanographic facility.The Regents in their approval stipulated that non‐state funds would have to be used for both the building and the operation of the facility. Although no funds are presently available to the project, there appears to be a strong probability of future federal funding. It is proposed that the new facilities will extend a half mile into the Pacific off the Scripps Campus in La Jolla as a manmade island. The design provides for on‐scene laboratories for special work in biology, physics, and geology; fish storage tanks at appropriate levels; and a harbor for small to medium sized research vessels. A study has indicated that the facility would serve as a tie uniting the advantages of deep water close to shore a major university with a faculty whose function includes both teaching and research, a medical school that is rapidly developing but is still flexible, and an oceanographic institution that operates land and floating facilities, which, combined with the proposed island, would make possible the strongest conceivable interdisciplinary research program. It is anticipated that this combination will make it possible to undertake a broad basic program on problems on man and the sea, not only of how to get him there and back but how to enable him to work effectively and for a long time anywhere on the continental shelf or sl

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00162-02

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new oceanographic research vessel has joined the fleet of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the 245‐foot, 2075‐tonMelville. TheMelvillebecomes the largest ship in operation for Scripps. Built at an estimated cost of $7 million, including equipment, the ship has a maximum capacity of 62 scientists, technicians, and crew memb

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00163-01

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The joint oceanographic assembly, ‘The Ocean World’, will be held in Tokyo, Japan, September 14‐25, 1970 (see August 1969 NEWS). Application has been made to the National Science Foundation for a grant to support the travel of participants who might otherwise not be able to attend this assembly. Although word of approval of this grant has not been received, interested persons are encouraged to

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00164-01

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is indeed a disagreement between Prof. DeBremaecker and myself with regard to our views of the proper role of the university in our society. While it should be clear from my paper that I am opposed to neither applied research nor land‐grant colleges, it should be equally clear that I am concerned that the high degree of organization that would be required in order to become directly involved in operational solutions to urban problems could interfere with both the basic research programs and the educational functions of the university. Urban problems are much more complex than agricultural problems. It does not follow that success in dealing with the technical problems of agriculture implies success in dealing with the combined social‐economic‐technical nature of urban pro

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO051i002p00175

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY