摘要:

The Bavarian geologist Gümbel (Figure 1) was the first German scientist to study manganese nodules in some detail (1878). Gümbel studied nodules from expeditions of both the Gazelle and the Challenger, which operated in the North Pacific at the same time (1875), and he gave detailed descriptions. He generated a remarkable range of ideas to explain the origin of the nodules and concluded that most or all of the iron and manganese in deep ocean ferromanganese concretions have their source in submarine vents that emit gas and hot water. It seems that his choice between different hypotheses was strongly influenced by his experience with metal‐bearing hot springs on land and his convictions regarding mechanisms of ore formation in general. In any case, contemporary experts did not find his reasoning compelling. Gümbel's hypothesis was essentially forgotten until it was recreated in the middle of this cen

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO067i014p00169-01

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is a remarkable fact that we know much more about the highest volcano on Mars than we do about the highest volcano on earth. Olympus Mons is well known to planetary scientists, has been the principal subject of a number of papers, and has been mentioned in innumerable other papers and articles. By contrast, the highest volcano on earth, Nevado Ojos del Salado (on the frontier between Chile and Argentina at latitude 27°S) is so poorly known that there are no papers about it, and even its height (∼6800 m) is not well determined. Ojos del Salado is only one of the many volcanos in the great volcanic province of the central Andes, which extends between 14° and 29°S. The existingCatalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World (Including Solfatara Fields, Part XV, Chilean Continent, by L. Casertano, International Association of Volcanology, Naples, Italy, 1963) lists only 16 volcanos in the region as being “active,” but it is obvious after even the briefest visit that there are dozens of others that should be regarded as active. Many of these are over 6000 m high, and they include several of the earth's greatest

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO067i014p00170

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Editor's Note: The question posed in the title of the following item, which was written on March 20, was answered in the affirmative at 12:30 A.M. (Alaska time, equal to UT−9 h) on March 27, 1986. As of March 31, the eruption had produced numerous pyroclastic flows, and the eruptive column had reached a maximum altitude of 14 km (see Figure 1). Air traffic in and out of Anchorage was disrupted. The 1976 dome is presumed to have been destroyed.The first microearthquake activity since the spectacular eruptions of 1976 is occurring on Augustine Volcano, Cook Inlet, Alaska. Activity began in July 1985 and now averages 30—50 events of greater than 0.5 magnitude per day. The events are shallow, less than 1000 m deep, and occur within the 1976 lava dome. Beginning in mid‐February 1986, numerous pilot reports have documented a dramatic increase in fumarolic activity, with associated melting of snow, light ashfalls, and plumes extending as far as 10 km from the s

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO067i014p00172-01

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Geodynamics program review has been integrated into sessions with the AGU Geodesy, Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, Seismology, and Tectonophysics sections. Sessions containing papers that authors wished to identify as part of the Geodynamics Theme are highlighted in blue on the meeting summary chart.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO067i014p00176

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

My duties at the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) have lead me to believe that interest in the budget process does not exist much beyound the Washington suburbs. I like to describe budgeting in the same fashion as my introduction to remote sensing systems: photons enter here and images exit there. It sounds like a simple process. Invisible to the user is the phenomenal computational turmoil. Budgeting is quite similar— policy enters buildings scattered throughout Washington and eventually appropriations emerge—but there is even greater turmoil and less of the expected resolut

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO067i014p00179

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The new Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is now well underway, using the drillship JOIDES Resolution (SEDCO/BP 471). Eight legs have been drilled, and the results so far have been excellent.The National Science Foundation (NSF) is responsible for overseeing ODP and provides the U.S. contribution to the internationally funded program. In addition, NSF provides support for U.S. drilling‐related science activities. The total ODP U.S. science budget for FY 1986 is $6.8 million. Over 50% of this funding goes to support certain activities:regional or topical planning workshops initiated by U.S. scientists,attendance by U.S. scientists at Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) panel meetings,shipboard participation by U.S. scientists,postcruise scientific studies related to publication of initial reports, andthe U.S. Science Advisory Committe

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO067i014p00180

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Geologists are coming to realize that the movement of water underground may contribute to a wider variety of classical geologic processes than had previously been imagined. Many now believe that earthquakes, landslides, and the formation of deposits of oil and minerals are among those processes that are strongly influenced by the action of groundwater. T h e role of groundwater flow in geologic processes will be the focus of a special Union‐wide, interdisciplinary session on the morning of Monday, May 19, at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. Additional sessions on the subject will be held by the Hydrology Section that afternoon; on Tuesday morning, May 20; and in a poster session on Tuesday afternoo

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO067i014p00181-01

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY