摘要:

Latitude and longitude closure equations are developed, taking account of the second powers of differences of latitude and longitude. In a test on a triangulation net, it is found that adjustment by means of equations based on first‐order terms only leaves appreciable residual discrepancies, which are reduced to less than 0.̋001 by inclusion of second‐order t

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00641

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ray‐tracing methods are used to obtain formulas for the arc length of the shoran radio ray and for the corresponding geodetic map distance, in terms of the angle of inclination of the ray at the ground station, the height above the smooth Earth surface and the vertical rate of change of the squared modified index of refraction N2. The method is applicable to cases where N2can be expressed as a multi‐linear function of the elevation. Examples are worked out comparing the reduced distances with those obtained by the standard met

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00645

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On the basis of data obtained at frequencies of 15, 52, 189, and 530 kc at Gainesville, Florida, a study was made of diurnal and seasonal variations in average noise level, and of average frequency spectra. Both diurnal and seasonal variations in noise intensity were found to depend on frequency and on propagation conditions. The seasonal variations were found to conform fairly closely to sine functions at 15 and 52 kc, and somewhat less closely at the higher frequencies.The diurnal variation of the frequency spectrum of noise also indicated to some degree the effect of propagation conditions on noise level. The possibility is pointed out that the average noise spectrum in the frequency range 10‐500 kc at the source of the noise is constant. The noise level was found to be almost directly proportional to wavelength during periods when propagation conditions had no appreciable effect.During sudden ionospheric disturbances the noise levels rose, indicating the incidence of ionospheric conditions similar to those experienced at nigh

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00650

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The amount of ionization due to hard gamma rays from UX2(Pa234) in equilibrium with a known amount of uranium was found by subtracting the calculated radiation due to RaC from the measured total hard gamma radiation. Corrections for self‐absorption, geometry, and differential absorption in the lead filter are applied. Ionization is measured in terms of radium standards. The result obtained is that of the hard gamma radiation from the products of uranium, 5.2 pct (±0.4 pct) is due to UX2, the rest being from RaC. This figure is about twice as high as the previously accepted one. Nevertheless, it shows that the contribution of the gamma radiation of UX2to the total radiation from all radioactive products contained in ordinary rocks is insignificant and does not play any important role in the total ionization of the lower atmosphere by terrestrial radiatio

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00657

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is shown that the variation of wind speed with height as given by Deacon's form for the power law is similar to that expressed by Lettau's generalized logarithmic law. The exponent in the power formulation may be evaluated by an extension of the theory of turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00661

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Closed solutions are given in this paper for the velocity and temperature distributions in the fluid in free convection above a line source of heat embedded in an infinite horizontal plane for Prandtl numbers 2/3 and 7/3. Variations of the kinematic viscosity and of the thermal diffusivity with temperature, as well as the heat generated by viscous dissipation, are neglected. For heat transfer in air under normal conditions the Prandtl number is 0.73, so that the solution for Prandtl number 2/3 may be considered to furnish a fair approximation. Since the Prandtl number for diffusion of water vapor into air is approximately 0.6, the same solution can also be applied to the case of laminar evaporation from a line source of water into air.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00669

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A method is suggested for computing meteorological variables near the ground, including air temperature, radiation, and wind speed. The method Involves measuring the temperature of a multiplicity of indicators, each suspended at a given level above the surface of the ground. The temperatures of the indicators are controlled by radiational and convective exchanges of energy between the indicators and their environment. The present status of field tests of the suggested technique is summarized.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00673

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An analysis is presented of the dispersion of a pollutant discharged at sea from a barge. The pollutant in this case contained ten per cent FeSO4, the iron of which proved to be a convenient indicator of dispersion in the sea since it may be observed to concentrations as low as ten parts per billion. The distribution of iron in the wake is related to the rate of discharge and the horizontal mixing coefficient. This relationship provides a means of estimating the rate of discharge of pollutant necessary to meet specific concentration limits.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00680

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Results are presented from the analysis of data obtained by underwater pressure recorders in the Pacific Ocean. Computed parameters describing the statistical distribution of wave heights and wave periods are given and incorporated into one‐parameter probability models closely fitting the data. The model for wave‐height distributions is found to provide a satisfactory explanation for the ratios among the mean and certain specified wave heights reported by other observers. The degree of relation between the heights or periods of successive waves or between the height and the period of the same wave was found to be relatively

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00685

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Because of the physical shape of the depth‐integrating sampler, it is impossible to sample down to the bed. Only part of the total sediment load moving across the vertical will be caught by the sampler. Based on the suspended‐load theory and bed‐load function, this part of the total sediment load is analytically determined. The result is illustrated in graphical form, and its significance and possible errors are pointe

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR033i005p00693

年代:1952

数据来源: WILEY