摘要:

Theoretical studies of the photochemistry of planetary atmospheres (including those of the ancient and modern earth) are based on physical and chemical premises common to all. Widely varying paths of evolutionary history, atmospheric processes, solar fluxes, and temperature have produced vastly different atmospheres, however. Some of these similarities and differences are described in this paper, which is based in part on invited presentations at the Fall 1980 AGU Meeting.Ozone is a constituent of earth's atmosphere; it is also found in the atmosphere of Mars. Sulfur dioxide is a constituent of the atmosphere of Venus; it is also found in the atmosphere of Io. Methane may have been a constituent of the earth's ancient atmosphere; it is found today in the atmospheres of Titan, Jupiter, and Saturn. Can chemists explain these similarities between systems so different in their physical properties?

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO062i050p01177

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a previous letter to this column [Fraser‐Smith, 1979] one of us drew attention to the marked decline since 1950 in the percentage of single‐author papers in theJournal of Geophysical Research, 1, Space Physics(JGR 1) and the commensurate increase in the percentage of articles by three or more authors. The decline in single authors is certainly not confined to JGR 1, as is shown by more recent work (according to the Institute for Scientific Information, which indexes 2800 journals, the average number of authors per paper rose from 1.67 to 2.58 between 1960 and 1980) [Broad, 1981], so it seems clear that there is a widespread change taking place in the way scientists report the results of their research. It is perhaps important for us to point out that this is not an academic change; it is taking place right now, and most readers of this column are likely to be affected by it.There is undoubtedly an element of fashion involved in the decline of single authors, and it may well be that what we are all experiencing individually as scientists is a subtle process of rhinocerization, as described in the play byIonesco[1960]. However, it would be unusual for a fashion to persist for 30 years or more unless other more substantive factors were involved. The question is, what are these fact

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO062i050p01178-01

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The awarding of scientific research grants jointly to investigators and their academic institutions by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (see news item above) is based on a concept of high ideals; review of proposed research ploys is done by peers selected from the academic community. The peer review process and the way awards of funds are made to an investigator's institution are often mildly criticized, but among members of the community there has long been an underlying respect of the concepts, a recognition that the process tends to lead to high standards in research. As peers are chosen, a certain degree of unevenness in the review process is to be expected. Just how much unevenness has been revealed in a recent study sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science and Public Policy (COSPUP). The results indicate that the peer review process is random and unbiased. The results show some tendency toward unevenness between groups of peers, but the NSF process evidently is a finely tuned one, especially when compared with other more or less subjective methods of evaluation.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO062i050p01181-02

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Five AGU members were granted senior Fulbright awards for university teaching and advanced research abroad for 1981–1982, according to the U.S. International Communications Agency and the Board of Foreign Scholarships.Yvonne Herman‐Rosenberg, associate professor of geology at the Washington State University in Pullman, will research Black Sea Quaternary benthoic foraminifera as indicators of sea‐level fluctuations. The research will be conducted at the University of Bucharest in Romania from May through July,

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO062i050p01182-01

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the next few issues, comments from all candidates for office of section president‐elect will appear. The statements for Geodesy, Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, Hydrology, and Solar‐Planetary Relationships sections appear be

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO062i050p01183

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY