摘要:

Addressing a small group of journalists on November 3 at the National Science Foundation's headquarters in Washington, D.C., director Neal Lane said that there will be some “tough years ahead for basic research.” He noted that NSF will continue to support the best scientific research it can find, but “there is never enough money to support good ideas.”In an era of change, Lane indicated that NSF, too, is changing to meet these needs. The agency is seeking new ways of supporting scientific research, including more cooperative efforts with other federal agencies and with industry, the director said. But Lane also put more responsibility upon the individual scientist. “Researchers will have to think a little more expansively… and to look to other agencies

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/93EO00674

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the past 5 years, I have served on visiting committees for Earth science departments at Stanford, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia, Cal‐Tech, and the Geophysical Lab of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C. As chair of Princeton's department, I have also experienced external review from the other side of the process. These committees attempt to diagnose major problems, supply appropriate remedies, and target opportunities for improvement in matters ranging from faculty hiring to curriculum. One very useful service provided by a visiting committee is to help distinguish dilemmas that are truly local and unique to the institution from those common to science and society as a whole. A snapshot of the tensions and opportunities common to academic Earth science has emerged from these experience

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/93EO00519

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tor J. Nordensondied on April 15 at age 79. He had been a member of AGU (Hydrology) since 1946.David C. Kayserdied recently at age 52. He joined AGU (Space Physics and Aeronomy) in 1973.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO074i045p00523-02

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As the primary oxidizing agent responsible for the removal of most trace gases, including CH4and other hydrocarbons, CO, H2, and hydrogenated halocarbons, the hydroxyl radical, OH, is central to the chemistry of the troposphere. OH oxidizes SO2to sulfuric acid, NH3to NO, and NO2into the inactive HNO3reservoir. OH is formed primarily following O3photolysis by sunlight at wavelengths below 315 nm, producing O(1D) atoms that react with H2O to make OH. It is destroyed largely by reaction by CO and CH4in the clean troposphere, although other reactants play roles near forests or in polluted areas.A simple balance between approximate production and destruction rates indicates a chemical lifetime for an individual OH molecule of about 1 s and a typical daytime concentration of about 3×106molecules/cm3. OH is also closely linked to the HO2radical through reactions with NO, O3, and hydrocarbons, and the two form the so‐called HOx family. HO2is present typically at concentrations about a hundred times that of OH and has a chemical lifetime of a few minutes; this is the effective lifetime of the HOxfamily because of the rapid cycling between the two radica

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/93EO00511

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The U.S. Department of Energy detonated approximately 1.29 million kg of a commercial blasting agent, based on ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO), at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) on September 22, 1993, at 00:01.080 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time. The blasting agent was emplaced in a cylindrical chamber, approximately 15.2 m in diameter × 5.5 m high, located at 37.20193°N and 116.20986°E in a Rainier Mesa tunnel, 390 m underground. Code‐named the Non‐Proliferation Experiment (NPE), the explosion had an energy release of approximately 1 kt (1 kiloton = 4.186×1012

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/93EO00678

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY