摘要:

I had the honor to be in intimate correspondence with William Bowie from 1923 until his death in 1940. Because Bowie's letters to me—40 in all—dealing with scientific and other questions of mutual interest will throw clear and pleasant light on Bowie's personality as a scientist and as a man, I shall include some quotations taken from these letters.It was fortunate for the geodetic science of the United States of America and of the whole world that there were as chiefs of the Division of Geodesy of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey such far‐seeing scientists as J. F. Hayford and later William Bowie. Their scientific interest and high authority resulted in the fact that this large and well‐established institution was not content with the practical results of the geodetic operations, such as the computing of the coordinates of the fixed points and the heights of the points of the precise leveling, but it tried also to draw conclusions of a purely scientific character and also to use the time of the staff for such purposes. As a result of this endeavor we have now, for instance, the “International Earth Ellipsoid” of Hayford, the “Bowie reduction” of the gravity anomalies, and the Hayford‐Bowie

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00629

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study deals with the hydrodynamic effect of horizontal earthquake action. The theory is developed assuming harmonic motion, also taking the compressibility of the water into consideration. The possibility of resonance is discussed. Solutions are deduced for the most common types of hydraulic vessels. The solutions contain expressions both for the dynamic water pressure and for the displacements in the fluid. The dynamic water pressure on the walls is calculated, and the result presented in diagrams.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00636

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Most of the work done in climatology in the past 150 years can be assigned to one of the following classes of investigation or presentation: empirical formulation of climatic data, descriptive climatology, climatologic cartography, organization of observational data by synoptic categories, investigation of the physical bases of climate, definition of climatic types and the delineation of climatic regions, and reconstruction of past climates. Although their relative importance has varied, through much of the period under consideration all these fields have been cultivated simultaneously. Especially in the latter part of the Nineteenth and the early part of the Twentieth Century, climatology has been too strongly dominated by a descriptive approach. Satisfactory physical interpretations of the phenomena recorded have often been impossible, but even the physical insights available at any given time have not always been applied. It would appear that the rational treatment of climatologic data can be attained more readily through synoptic concepts than through a frontal attack with the general formulations provided by physical theory.“… das arithmetische Mittel, in welchem de allerverschiedensten Zustände zusammen vergraben werden, ist Nichts Wirkliches, sonders eine abstrakte Grösse.” W. Köpp

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00658

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A formula for predicting smoothed annual sunspot numbers is developed. A first approximation to the prediction of a future value in a cycle is the mean of all past values for that part of the cycle. This estimate can be improved by adding to the mean a correction proportional to the departure of earlier values of the cycle from the mean cycle. These correction factors are determined by the method of least squares. Sunspot data for 1834 through 1943 are used, and statistical reasons for rejecting data of earlier years are presented. Reliability of the method is discussed on the basis of the standard deviations of predictions made for each of the years of the ten cycles in question, using all the prediction formulas developed. The prediction of three‐month means is also discusse

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00673

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Predicted values of F2 critical frequencies for all hours of the day for Watheroo, Western Australia, and for Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were compared with observed values. It was found that predicted values for Baton Rouge, based on data from Watheroo, agreed with observe values almost as well as those predicted from Baton Rouge values. The two stations in questions are located at almost antipodal points. Similar tests conducted for other stations in corresponding geographical latitudes, north or south, but not antipodally located showed poorer agreement. It is concluded from this that data observed at any given station may be applied with consideration assurance to antipodal points for which no data are available.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00686

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Laboratory and field investigations demonstrate that theoretical pressure ratios for pressure wave recorders are correct to within ten to 20 per cent. The theoretically corrected measured wave heights in shallow water are low. The University of California Mark III and Mark V wave recorders are described and typical records from the latter are reproduced. The limitations of the available information on spar buoy damping disc systems for deep water wave measurements are summarized.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00691

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The wave heights and periods from wave recorders installed off Point Sur, California, and Heceta Head, Oregon, have been compared for the period from April 1947 to June 1948. These data, together with some obtained at Point Arguello, California, showed that the ratio of the maximum wave recorded each day to the average of the highest ten per cent for that day was 1.46 and the ratio of the average of the highest ten per cent to the average of the highest one‐third of the waves each day was 1.29 for any place along this section of the Pacific Coast. It was also found that the average period of the swells (that is, excluding the local storm “chop”) was 1

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00700

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Efficient breakwater design requires a knowledge of the behavior of the waves passing the breakwater. Wave diffraction is an important factor in this behavior. Solutions based on the theory of light diffraction have been proposed for water‐wave diffraction, but have sot previously been experimentally verified for shallow water nor for waves entering breakwater gaps. This investigation found experimentally the wave patterns and comparative wave heights due to diffraction of water waves entering a gap in a breakwater normal to the incident wave direction in water of uniform depth, and compared these experimental results with approximate theoretical solutions. Both deep‐water and shallow‐water waves were studied. Oblique incidence and varying depths were not investigated experimentally, but approximate methods of considering their effect are suggested.The experimental results were found to verify the general form of the wave diffraction theory for breakwater gaps with gap width/wave‐length ratios as small as 1.41 in water of depth as small as 0.14 wave length.The theory and computation methods considered in this investigation form a usable basis for estimating the effect of diffraction on waves at a breakwa

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00705

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As part of the United States Geological Survey's volcano program in the Aleutian volcanic arc during 1946–1948, the volcanoes and thermal areas on Umnak and Great Sitkin Islands were studied. In addition to observation of the volcanoes, temperatures of fumaroles were measured and some products of the volcanic activity were collected and analyzed.After an eruption in 1945, Cone A in Okmok Caldera on northeastern Umnak Island remained relatively quiet during the period 1946–1948. The fumarole gases contained water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. The incrustations associated with the sulfur dioxide fumaroles are the sulfate minerals halotrichite, gypsum, and soda alum. Temperatures of lava fumaroles at the source of the December, 1945 lava flow from Cone A dropped from an average of 320°C on July 19, 1946, to 90°C on September 5, 1946. With exception of the large central fumarole which reached red heat in 1947, the extra crater fumaroles of Cone A ranged from 96° to 98° C in temperatureCone C, another cone in Okmok Caldera was in the solfataric stage and emitted water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, and probably carbon dioxide. Incrustations associated with fumaroles on this cone consisted of sulfur, pyrite, and aragonite. The temperatures of the fumaroles ranged from 95° to 96°C and were probably kept within this narrow range partly by the heat supplied during condensation of steam.Sixteen large thermal springs emerging from the base of Cone D in Okmok Caldera had an aggregate discharge of approximately 115 cfs and gave off approximately 21,000 kcal of heat per second on September 7, 1946.Water samples of thermal springs on Umnak Island contained as high as 159 ppm of boron expressed as B203and a few parts per million of arsenic and antimony. Several of the thermal springs in southwestern Umnak Island were slightly superheated with respect to the boiling point of water and behaved as small geysers. As has been found elsewhere, the discharge, temperature, and composition of the emanations from a spring is modified by surface conditions of topography and drainage.Thermal springs and fumaroles on Great Sitkin Island occurred at an altitude of about 2000 ft near the head of the west fork of Big Fox Creek. All the fumaroles were at or near a temperature of 100°C. The large crater fumarole in the center of the 1945 crater dome was unapproachable. No change in the activity of Great Sitkin volcano was observed between 1946 and A

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00719

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study establishes a relationship between rainfall intensity and peak rates of surface runoff, and uses that relationship to estimate the peak rates of runoff that might be expected for various recurrence intervals. The procedures thus developed are utilized to determine the effect of intensity and amount of rainfall and number of excessive storms on the magnitude of peak rates of runoff for various frequencies. The relationships developed in the study are also utilized to adjust peak rates of runoff from watersheds of like physiography and land use for differences in rainfall.

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/TR030i005p00735

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY