摘要:

The Office of Government Ethics will redraft part of the guidelines it proposed this summer for the conduct of executive branch employees (seeEos, Aug. 13 and Sept. 3, 1991). A wave of negative reaction from associations and Congress has prompted the reexamination, particularly of the section addressing the participation of government employees in professional associations. The rewritten regulations will then be put out for public comment again.Steven Potts, director of the Office of Government Ethics, expressed surprise that the volume of outside comments about that section had “substantially overshadowed” other responses. Potts spoke before a House hearing on October 22. Approximately 90% of the more than 1,000 responses to the ethics office commented on participation in professional associations. The office now plans to delay issuing the new regulations until next spr

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/90EO00340

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

New data reveal that the Antarctic Peninsula received twice its normal maximum dose of hazardous solar ultraviolet radiation in December 1990. The prolonged persistence of the ozone hole over Antarctica caused an increased exposure of radiation, according to a paper published in the October issue of Geophysical Research Letters.John Frederick and Amy D. Alberts of the University of Chicago calculated the amount of ultraviolet solar spectral radiation from data collected at Palmer Station, Antarctica. During the spring of 1990 the largest observed values for ultraviolet radiation were approximately double the values expected, based on previous years. “The measurements from Palmer Station are consistent with similar data from McMurdo Sound, where a factor of three [ultraviolet radiation] enhancement was recorded, according to work by Knut Stamnes and colleagues at the University of Alaska,” Frederick said. “The radiation levels observed over Palmer Station in December 1990 may be the largest experienced in this region of the world since the development of the Earth's ozone layer,” h

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO072i044p00474-02

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Meteorology in America, 1800–1870is the story of American meteorology's emergence as both a field of serious scientific study and the establishment of a government weather service. James Fleming has drawn on extensive archival and manuscript sources and has brought to light the most complete, accurate, and satisfying history of the formative years of the science of meteorology in the United States published to date.The basic theme of the book is that in the 19th century the science of meteorology, not only in the United States but worldwide, underwent “a rapid and dramatic expansion of its scientific horizons.” To develop this theme, Fleming uses observational systems and theoretical networks as interrelated units of analysis. The “observational system” refers to the organized networks of volunteer weather observers throughout North America. They were the “instrument” with which meteorologists collected their data. The theoretical networks refer to the informal communication links between individuals involved in the “storm controversy” of the mid‐19th century, their supporters and detractors in domestic and foreign scientific societies, and

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/90EO00343

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The range of present knowledge on the subject of gas hydrates and related federal research programs was the topic of discussion at the National Workshop on Gas Hydrates, April 23–24. The intention of the meeting was to provide the impetus for an expanded and broader‐based national research program in both academia and government. Held at the U.S. Geological Survey National Center, Reston, Va., the workshop was organized by Michael D. Max, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; William P. Dillon, USGS, Woods Hole, Mass.; and Rodney D. Malone, U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, W.Va. The 33 attendees represented academia (33%), federal agencies (58%), and industry (

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/90EO00346

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Working group 3 of the Solar‐Terrestrial Energy Program (STEP) will be coordinating research on “Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Coupling and Response to Energy and Momentum Inputs” in 1990–1995. The research is on plasma processes leading to ionospheric structure and irregularities, the coupling of the ionosphere‐thermosphere‐magnetosphere system, the special electrodynamics of the equatorial ionosphere‐thermosphere region, wave processes, coupling of the mesosphere to the lower thermosphere, and aeronomic models of the ionosphere.The earliest viewpoint of the ionosphere and thermosphere was that the state of each was determined by local processes, for example, photoionization by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, ion chemistry, and diffusion under gravity. However, it is now understood that the states of the local ionosphere and thermosphere depend, in a complex way, not only on these factors but also on distant and global processes, such as the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere and the input of tidal and gravity wave energy from the lower atmosphere. The most spectacular outcome of solar wind interaction is the polar aurora and its accompanying electrojets. Their effects are not confined to the polar regions; they result in global changes in the ionosphere‐th

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/EO072i044p00478

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0002-8606    

DOI:10.1029/90EO10346

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY