摘要:

Fifty‐one Swedish couples were interviewed in the last trimester of their first pregnancy and again when their infants were 5 months old. Twenty‐five of the couples indicated that the mothers would be primary caretakers throughout the first year (traditional families) whereas the other 26 couples said that the fathers would be primary caretakers for between 1 and 6.5 months during the year (nontraditional families). Analyses showed that the value of parenthood and the value of work were stable from the first (prenatal) to the second (postnatal) interview, although prenatally‐anticipated paternal involvement was only marginally correlated with actual paternal involvement. Subjects agreed with their spouses when asked about the same issues, suggesting that the constructs had some validity. Parenthood and work were more highly valued by nontraditional parents than by traditional parents. Degree of paternal caretaking was positively correlated with the fathers satisfaction with and value of parenthood and negatively correlated with their resentment of the infant. Correlations differed somewhat among traditional and nontraditional mothers and fathers. Fathers were more involved with “difficult” sons and “easy” daughters than with “easy” sons and “d

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

DSP4 (N‐2‐chloroethyl‐N‐ethyl‐2‐bromobenzylamine) is a novel noradrenaline (NA) neurotoxin sufficiently selective, following systemic administration, to be a pharmacological tool of much potential; this possibility has warranted the extensive use of DSP4 to study the role of noradrenaline in learned behaviors. Thus, after DSP4 treatment (50 mg/kg) a very robust two‐way active avoidance impairment is incurred and this deficit remained over a wide range of stimulus conditions and parameters. On the other hand, the acquisition of relatively simple tasks such as one‐way active avoidance, fear conditioning, step‐down passive avoidance and taste‐aversion conditioning, was only slightly affected or not affected at all. DSP4 administration caused a retardation of the rate of acquisition of a “right‐turn” running response for food reward in a modified T‐maze, and an attenuation of the exteroceptive context effect in taste‐aversion conditioning and extinction. In spite of a few similar results, NA‐depletions following DSP4 generally do not produce the same behavioral effects as the 6‐Hydroxydopamine lesions but are more akin to the locus coeruleus lesion. An hypothesis of the role of central NA, based mainly upon the shuttle box procedure, incorporates a function in establishing the Signal‐Response association, in adapting to situations that require a correct response to stress and in maintaining an adequate span of attention to the range of environmental events presen

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Saugstad, Per. A theory of Language and Understanding.Eckblad, Gudrun:Scheme theory. A conceptual framework for cognitive‐motivational processe

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Smedslund's has argued that psychological theory should be concerned with the logical analysis of common sense since (a) empirical data are “arbitrary” and no general and empirical laws can exist when it comes to human action; and (b) theoretical explanation of data is likely to be empirically empty—psychological theory often cannot be falsified. The argument was supported mainly by an analysis of Bandura's self‐efficacy conceptions. Bandura's approach is, however, not developed to the point of being an explicit theory, a fact that explains why it can be demonstrated as being non‐distinguishable from the naive analysis of action. Many well developed theories of decision making, such as Tversky's EBA theory, transcend common sense and are falsifiable. Common sense is, furthermore, subject to change over time and differs between cultures, and even between individuals. There is no such things asthecommon sense. It is also inconsistent and ambiguous and uses a loose mode of thinking which can often providepost hocexplanations but no predictions. Therefore, common sense probably offers little in the way of profound insights. Furthermore, the problems of inferrring general laws from unique events have not stifled progress in the natural sciences and should not discourage psychologists. The case for general laws in psychology is still being heard. Besides, even if findings are restricted in time and space they concern important questions of how people act here and now. Finally, Smedslund's attempt at logical analysis of treatment rules is shown to provide little more than semantic explication of the chosen definitions of key terms; in no way can such explication serve as a substitute for empirical research on psychotherap

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A brief history of the background of drug discrimination research is given, focusing on the concepts of “drug dissociation” or state‐dependent learning; an alternative explanation to the state dependency concept is to view the drug as a discriminative stimulus. In drug discrimination learning both a qualitative and a quantitative dimension is identified as governing the discrimination, examples of which are provided in the text. Examples of how drug discrimination techniques may assist in future research are out

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male rats were treated with barbital in the drinking water for 32–33 weeks (intake 195 mg/kg/day). This treatment ended on day 0. On days 23–29, 1.5 mg/kg/day of atropine was given. The changes induced by the treatments alone or combined were recorded either as a sensitivity to hexobarbital in the brain determined with a threshold method or as water intake calculated on data obtained with weekly intervals. The hexobarbital threshold test indicated that the barbital treatment had induced a tolerance which at the time of the atropine treatment was variable. In the rats also given the atropine treatment this tolerance was after a delay of approx. 2 weeks more marked and less variable. The water intake in only barbital treated rats showed, compared with untreated controls, an increase which had a maximum on days 28–35. During the atropine treatment given on days 23–29 there was in the previously barbital treated rats no certain effect, but immediately after the end of treatment there was an approx. 25 per cent increase in water intake above that found in only barbital treated rats. No return to control levels was seen within a 14 weeks observation period. This increase resembled supersensitivity but did not correspond over time with the changes seen in hexobarbital sens

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Smedslund's argument that psycho‐social reality is revealed by common sense is shown to be based on a confusion between logical inference and psychological induction. Common sense has no privileged access to psychological reality and is affected profoundly by reasoning errors. Its structure is loose, allowing forpost hoc“explanations” of everything and clear‐cut predictions of

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study is concerned with the influence of neuropeptides, in particular β‐endorphin (β‐END), on behaviour. Neuropeptides participate in the chemical transmission of the central nervous communication processes. The effects of β‐END on socio‐sexual behaviours were examined in laboratory rats. The methodological approach was based on a multivariate analysis. β‐END was found to change the socio‐sexual behaviour profile in a way indicating that the subject may have difficulties in interpreting incoming information. The effects of neonatal administration of β‐END on the adult performance of sexual behaviour are also described. Early exposure to β‐END altered the response to β‐END in the adult individual. A working hypothesis is proposed that the behaviour in the adult may to a certain extent be conditioned during sensitive periods of pre‐adult development by environmental stimuli releasin

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The topic discussed is how the expectancy‐value model in psychology can be interpreted. A causal interpretation of the model implies that intentions, wants, and beliefs are independent mental causes of human action. A number of arguments against this way of conceptualizing mental events in relation to action are presented. On the basis of these arguments it is concluded that the concepts of ‘intention’, ‘want’, ‘belief’, and the like, cannot be thought of as referring to events that are extrinsic to, and independent of, action and linguistic usage. Intending, wanting, believing,comprisesaying and doing things in certain ways and contexts, as well as other events (imagery, feeling, experience) with which action and languagebelongand are intrinsically related. Relating what people say and do to intentions, wants, beliefs, serves to illuminate or interpret words and deeds, not to point out their independent, extrinisic causes. A causal interpretation of the expectancy‐value model, it is concluded,

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of neonatal treatment of rats with the neurotoxins 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine and 6‐hydroxydopamine on the ontogeny of the ultra sound vocalization and the immobility response were studied. The 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine treated rats showed reduced strength of both reactions indicating involvement of the serotonin system in their ontogeny. This hypothesis was supported by experiments with depletion of serotonin by para‐chlorophenylalanine followed by replenishment with 5‐hydroxytryptophan. The 6‐hydroxydopamine treated rats showed normal defensive reactions, but displayed hyperactivity from their second week of age. The role of the dopamine system in the defensive reactions was studied by variations of the dopamine activity level by traditional tools: depletion by α‐methyl‐tyrosin followed by replenishment byl‐DOPA; stimulation or inhibition of the dopamine receptors by apomorphine or haloperidol. The results suggested an inhibitory function of the dopamine system in both defensive reactions, antagonistic to that of th

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY