摘要:

Abstract.—The results of three methods for multidimensional scaling—Torgerson's metric analysis, a non‐metric method (TORSCA), and a method dealing with individual differences in multidimensional scaling (INDSCAL)—were compared in experiments on rhythm experience and on perception of sound quality. The INDSCAL analysis seemed to be the most adequate method for treating the data in these expe

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—The paper pleads for phenomenological approaches to the analysis of space and time as central concepts in architecture. With the departure from an illustrative experiment on judgement, some basic shortcomings of a psychophysical scaling approach are discussed. The psychological meaning of the concepts “here” and “now” is clarified with several illustrations, e.g. the spatial character of a person's first recollections, and examples from everyday life and history. The optimal psychological present space (“here”) was revealed with special clarity in the fi

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—This paper introduces evidence as to whether the cognitive base of natural languages is universal or not. When a speaker or writer has too little time or space to use complete, grammatically well‐formed sentences, he will first leave out the parts of speech which are least essential for the decoding process of the receiver. If, in two different languages, different parts are left out, the cognitive base of the languages cannot be the same. It was predicted that native Finnish‐speaking subjects will be more prone to leave out the verb from newspapers headings and from reports of sporting events, than will native Swedish‐speaking subjects. In addition, it was expected that Finnish subjects will rate sentences lacking verbs as more, and sentences lacking nouns, as less “language correct” than will Swedish subjects. It was also predicted that in perception of a sporting event, Finnish reporters will focus on topological, and Swedish, on vectorial, information. The predictions were borne out exactly by the findings, which thus are strongly negative to the universality

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Humor is a strategem for relating the collective social reality of a group of persons (the rational world) to their personal imaginations of alternative social worlds, meanings, or identities (the irrational world). The humorist is committed to the rational world. At the same time he permits idiosyncratic phantasies to occur within the social context if they are accompanied by an explicit message saying that the performance is made for fun. By such communications the rational social world is kept stable as well as more tolerable. The comical situation is composed of three essential elements: (1) the message, (2) the audience, and (3) the target or content treated by the message. The message brings the target to the irrational level, where it is brought into disrespect in favor of the alliance between the humorist and his audience. Laughter is the announcement that the disrespect is accepted just for fun. A person may, however, keep a straight face for different reasons. A conceptual scheme is proposed for prediction of laughter. It is based upon three dimensions of the comic situation: (1) the humorous message, (2) the interpersonal likings, and (3) the permissiveness towards actual laughter. The corresponding personal dispositions are the habitual sensitivity to such messages, the habitual tendency to favor comical situations and persons, and the habitual need for emotional‐impulse control. Suggestions are made as to the modification of laughter by constellations of high and low values on these variab

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—With 7 Norwegian parties as stimuli, comparisons were made of various content and distance approaches to scaling. As expected, the former gave two factors, socialistic and nonsocialistic, and the latter gave one bipolar dimension, interpreted as socialistic‐non‐socialistic. Individual differences in structure were not found. Among several principles of similarity, Ekman's original (1961) gave the best fit. It is maintained, however, that the fundamental vector model of the content approach is inadequate, both for theoretical reasons and because subjects are unable to operate in accordance wi

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Scoring only the unsigned (absolute) errors in the Rod‐and‐Frame Test (RFT) is questioned because the method confounds a number of variables. Another way of scoring the RFT is proposed which differentiates between (1) the subject's constant error, (2) the effect of the tilted frame, and (3) the rod starting position effect. The method also allows estimation of the response consistency of the subject. What is more, the values for each subject of the constant error, of the frame tilt effect, and of the rod starting position effect may be tested for significance on the basis of the degree of response consistency observed for that particular subject, thus making the new method more person‐oriented than the unsigned error

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00563.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—A new method of scoring the Rod‐and‐Frame Test (RFT) has been proposed (Nyborg, 1974). The statistical model behind the new method is introduced and tested in the present

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00564.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Estimates of money saved, when buying a specified quantity of flowers of a cheaper kind compared with a more expensive kind, were collected from two different groups, for different quantities and combinations of prices. One group gave their estimates in 13 sec, and the other in 15 sec. The data were analysed according to four different models, all consisting of a multiplicative combination of two components, one related to the quantity to be bought and the other to the combination of prices. The estimates of both groups showed systematic deviation from the correct savings, and the estimates of the groups were best described by one simple and one more complex model respectivel

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00565.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—The effects of the distribution of the validities of the cues in the conflict task on policy conflict, as studied in Hammond's “lens model” interpersonal conflict paradigm, was investigated in a 2 (levels of task predictability) by 2 (levels of cue validity distribution: only one cue valid vs. two equally valid cues) factorial experiment. The results showed that the level of agreement was higher when only one cue was valid than when both cues were valid, but this effect was obtained only when task predictability was high. In the low predictability condition, there were no differences between the two levels of cue validity distribution. In agreement with earlier findings, the results also showed that agreement was a positive function of the predictability of the task. These results show that, to understand policy conflict, it is not sufficient to analyse only the characteristics of the parties to the conflict; it is also necessary to analyse the characteristics of the task facing the pa

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00566.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—A retroactive interference paradigm was employed for studying qualitative memory changes. Sentences, containing an ambiguous word that was defined differently by succeeding words, were used as stimulus material. Such retroactive definitions of meaning were found to lead to qualitative changes in reproduction. It is suggested that the issue of permanence and change in memory may be related to the choice of lists of independent items or contextual units as stimulus material. A contextual theory of memory, implying the conception of memory in a stream, is advocate

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00567.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY