摘要:

Paul E. Meehl's problem of systematic unmatching is discussed, and it is argued that his reasoning and conclusion are incorrect. Unmatching will probably occur seldom in empirical cases, and if it does take place, it will constitute some sort of undercorrection. Moreover, his attempt at interpretation of statistical control in terms of so‐called “counterfactuals” is found to be misle

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two groups of subjects, one deaf and one hearing, were tested in pairs on problem solving tasks. The poorer performance of the deaf observed in other studies has been explained as due to difference in language ability between the two groups. This finding was not replicated in the present study where use of language was required to solve tasks of different complexity. It is suggested that sign language may be as effective a tool for problem solving as spoken language. The postulated supremacy of spoken language to other forms of communication with regard to logical and symbolic functioning is thus questioned.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Acquisition of cognitive maps (locational information about reference points) was investigated by requiring subjects to walk repeatedly according to paths consisting of 2, 4 and 6 linear segments. The starting point of each path was designated as a reference point, to which direction and distance were estimated by the subjects at the end of the path. Acquisition was indicated by the finding that variable errors and latencies decreased across blocks of trials. Interfering with central processing of locational information during locomotion by means of a concurrent task, while impairing orientation performance, did not seem to prevent acquisition. As suggested by an increase in latencies with the number of path segments, the subjects performing the concurrent task may have been able to infer and store the location of the starting point after walking. Finally, orientation performance did not improve for blindfolded subjects, probably because they were unable to use stored information about locations.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Maintenance of orientation relative to reference points along a locomotion path and acquisition of locational information about these reference points were investigated by requiring subjects with and without a concurrent backwards counting task to walk in alleys and estimate direction and distance to the reference points when stopped. One or three reference points were presented on each trial in different groups of subjects. Acquisition of locational information was indicated by decreased latencies and variable errors with repeated exposure to the same locomotion path. Neither the larger number of reference points nor the concurrent task seemed to affect acquisition, but both lead to increased latencies indicating that the subjects under these conditions were unable to keep track of the locations of the reference points whilst walking. However, they may still have been able to infer these locations after the locomotion path had been traversed.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present experiment investigated relations between “warmup” in unsignalled Sidman avoidance in rats and the intensity of shock. Magnitude of shock‐rate change was quantified by comparing the rat's behavior during the initial third and the final two thirds of the same session. Warmup was said to occur whenever the shock rate during the initial 20 min was higher than the shock rate during the final 40 min of a 60 min session. “Cooldown” was defined as lower shock rate during the initial 20 min than during the final 40 min. Warmup was observed when shocks were intense, cooldown was observed when shocks were low intensity, and neither was observed when medium‐intensity shocks were administered. Response‐rate changes were correlated with shock‐rate changes, but were smaller. The results are interpreted within the framework of a dual‐process theo

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The scores of BSRI, a questionnaire measuring psychological androgyny, i.e. the extent to which a person possess traits that are traditionally considered feminine and traits that are traditionally considered masculine, were subjected to a factor analysis. The BSRI was administered to 100 women and 100 men, between 20 and 60 years of age. The analysis gave two factors for women, interpreted as a Femininity factor and a Masculinity factor, and three factors for men, interpreted as a Femininity factor and two Masculinity factors. A shorter version of the BSRI is also suggested. These results support the notion that femininity and masculinity are best considered two independent dimensions.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00387.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A group theoretic description of auditory frequency is shown to have important implications for understanding invariants in sound patterns. Frequency can be mathematically conceived in terms of a logarithmic spiral which involves two generative group parameters. The spiral representation not only underlies the logarithmic relationship between the frequency of a tone and its stated musical pitch but it affords an objective basis for invariants that summarize other well‐known auditory relationships including distinctions which involve different tuning systems. The spiral analysis represents a new and potentially useful tool for describing auditory invariants with important implications for emerging theories of music perception and issues in psychophysical scaling of tonal pattern

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00388.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The phenomena of stimulus equivalence and motor equivalence are used in this paper to lay a foundation for a theory of meaning structures. A meaning structure is defined as a structure of classes of equivalent stimuli and classes of equifinal responses. Each such class is said to have both extension and intension. Perception, intention and expectation are identified as different aspects of the activation of such meaning structures. Whereas meaning structures exist in the form of long‐term dispositions (in long‐term memory), the activation of meaning structures results in the formation of short‐term dispositions (in short‐term memory)—ever changing meaning constellations. The concept of meaning structures is compared with other theoretical concepts like “contingencies of reinforcement”, “means‐end readiness”, “schemata”, “nodes in long‐term memory”, “afford‐ances” and “cathexis”. Finally, some implications for the psychological description and

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00389.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

213600 pupils from grades 6–9 (age 12–15) in the primary school in Norway filled in a questionnaire about smoking habits (1975). The headmaster of each individual of the 2824 schools participating in the study filled in reports giving the local frequencies of daily smokers, occasional smokers and nonsmokers for each grade and for boys and girls separately. The school‐reports also contained questions about demographical properties of the school. A sample of 6968 questionnaires from the pupils (those who were born on the sixth irrespective of month) were also submitted for statistical analysis. Compared with previous studies, the percentage of smokers among girls proved to have increased considerably. The tendency found in many western industrialized countries, that smoking is increasing among girls more than among boys, or that boys are reducing smoking to a greater extent than are girls, was confirmed also for Norway. In all 19 counties there was a higher percentage of daily smokers among girls than among boys. Higher percentages of occasional smokers or pupils who had tried smoking were found in small schools and scattered settlements. Norway may be divided into geographical areas according to the differences in the smoking habits of girls and boys. In the counties in the south and to the west, girls have not surpassed boys to the same extent as in the rest of the country. From previous political‐cultural research it is known that the south and west is characterized by temperance and prohibition movements, higher frequencies of religious attendance, as well as a distintiveness in voting be

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00390.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A simple‐structure factor analysis of test data from a sample of 148 fifteen‐year‐old children in Norway was carried out. Broad factors were interpreted to represent visualization, speediness, and fluency, as well as fluid and crystallized intelligence. The results are consistent with the factor distinctions as hypothesized by Cattell, but analyses of the developmental differentiation of fluid and crystallized intelligence raise some doubts about Cattell's interpretation of these dimen

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1981.tb00391.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY