摘要:

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. V. Practice in conflict situations without external reinforcement.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 156–160.—Thirteen 5–6‐year‐old children with no initial concept of conservation of substance were given three practice sessions in situations involving repeated cognitive conflict and no external reinforcement. The conflict was induced by simultaneous deformation of an object and additions to or subtractions from another or the same object. The children initially thought that the amount of substance changes with every deformation of an object, and this perceived change repeatedly was in the opposite direction of the perceived change following a simultaneous addition or subtraction. The data seem consistent with a theory of acquisition based on cognitive conflict and internal equilibration, and inconsistent with a theory of external rein

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01235.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rasmussen, E. Tranekjær. Bridging physiology and phenomenology in dynamic psychology.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 161–166.—It is important to distinguish between the immediately experienced (the phenomenological) and the physiological‐neurological basis for the phenomenological world, e.g. between beta needs (subjectively experienced states of needing or wanting) and alpha needs (objectively defined, physiological needs). The concept of psychon is introduced and defined as a necessary and sufficient condition in the physiological‐neurological system for the existence of a subjective experience; psychon bridges the gap between the physiological and the phenomenologic

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01236.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lagerspetz, Kirsti. Genetic and social causes of aggressive behaviour in mice.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 167—‐173.—Significant differences in the aggressiveness of mice selected for aggressiveness and non‐aggressiveness have been found to occur in the 2nd and 3rd generation of selective breeding. InSa, motor activity scores were significantly higher in mice of the aggressive than of the non‐aggressive strain. Defecation and ambulation scores obtained both in a standardized open‐field test and in connection with the aggression measurements showed that the S3descendants of the aggressive mice were emotionally less reactive than the members of the 3rd non‐aggressive generation. Defeats tend to decrease, victories to increase the level of aggressiveness in mice, but the aggression scores tend to return to the original level after the termination of th

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01237.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Künnapas, T. M. Measurement of the intensity of an underlying figural process. A methodological study.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 174–184.—A method is proposed for studying the intensity of the figural process underlying the well‐known phenomenon of figural fluctuations. A metric model is presented according to which a measure of the intensity of the underlying process is obtained in units of dispersion. The model is illustrated by an experimental example. An equation is given which is analogous to that of the damped harmonic vibration. Four parameters are involved in this equation. A technique for determining the parameters is developed. Very good agreement between theoretical and empirical scale values demonstrates the applicability of the proposed

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01238.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ekman, G. Methodological note on scales of gustatory intensity.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 185–100.—The subjective salt intensity of seven concentrations of sodium chloride in water was measured by the method of ratio estimation and by three variants of the method of magnitude estimation. The four scales thus constructed were not in agreement. The magnitude scales varied systematically with the stimulus used as standard. The average magnitude scale was in good agreement with the scale constructed by the method of ratio estimation. A combined scale was constructed from all the data. This scale is a power function of stimulus concentration. The exponent of the function is 1.59. The function includes an additive constant, which may indicate either the lack of an absolute zero point of the scale, or the presence of a basic sensation without external stimulat

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01239.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ramfalk, C. W. Measurement of cathectic discrimination.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 191–202—‐(1) One of the hypothetical constructs of a personality theory is preliminarily explored. The constructs are based on an experimental model in which the main concepts can be operationally defined and objectively measured by cathectic discrimination technique. (2) In order to stabilize the technical part of the project, change in cathectic orientation during (pre‐) adolescence was selected as a suitable first object for the investigation. (3) Deviation from normal development in changes of cathectic orientation seems to be related to absence from school, anxiety, guilt and identif

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01240.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. VI. Practice on continuous vs. discontinuous material in problem situations without external reinforcement.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 203–210. — Tests of conservation and addition/subtraction (+/—) with continuous and discontinuous material were given to 154 children between 4;9 and 7;3. With any material, +/ ‐ seems to be acquired before conservation of substance. Both +/‐ and conservation appear to be acquired earlier with discontinuous than with continuous material. The practice sessions involved no known external reinforcement. A number of acquisitions of conservation of substance were observed, and they were more frequent after practice on discontinuous than on continuous

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01241.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thrane, V. C. Sensory and preparatory factors in response latency. IV. General and differential warning of full‐scale auditory intensities.Scand. J Psychol., 1961, 2, 211–224.—Twenty‐one loudness variants ranging from hardly audible to no db re standard threshold were randomly presented after either (1) a constant or (2) a varied warning signal denoting one range below and two above an assumed transition point for the bi‐functional relationship between response latency and stimulus intensity. Under (1) greater improvement with practice at one end of the scale was acccompanied by smaller gains at the other end. Under (2) practice had favorable but preknowledge unfavorable effects at the weakest intensities. Differential warning facilitated speed of response only for medium and strong stimuli and most at the high end of

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01242.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY